Contents in orthopaedic are independent relatively and finding out the internal relations during them is helpful to improving the effect of orthopaedic teaching.Transfer theory is important tools for clinical teaching practice,and finding out the common characteristics between the orthopaedic chapters is primary for the theory.This research focuses on the following fields:fractures,nerve injury,infection,tumor and deformity.After the common characteristics between these chapters were analyzed and discussed,we concluded that the transfer theory is helpful in orthopaedic teaching practice,especially for students' comprehension and memory,but still we should avoid some negative effects in teaching process.

Breast ; pathology ; Breast Neoplasms ; blood supply ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; blood supply ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; blood supply ; parasitology ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Microcirculation ; pathology ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; pathology

Objective To investigate the importance of elements of teaching aesthetic(appearance aesthetics; language aesthetics; emotion aesthetics; PPT aesthetics; blackboard-writing aesthetics and model aesthetics) in clinical orthopaedic teaching,and to analyze the reasons and significance of them.Methods Totally 137 medical students(2005 and 2006 grade) were investigated by the questionnaire in resent 2 years.They were asked to choose the first two important elements of teaching anesthetic from six elements displayed by four teachers.Results The percentage of appearance aesthetics,language aesthetics,emotion aesthetics,PPT aesthetics,blackboard-writing aesthetics and model aesthetics were showed as 97.4％,88.7％,67.1％,58.9％,13.6％ and 1.2％ respectively.Conclusion Teaching aesthetics is an indispensible part of teaching aesthetically and it is helpful to promote the teaching.We should be focus on PPT aesthetics and appearance aesthetics,which show high percentage in our research.

Background Recently,there were many studies on corneal innervations during mammalian development.However,there were fewer studies on discussing corneal innervations before and after mouse eye openings.Objective The present study was to investigate the change in the regulation of corneal nerve fiber length and density before and after mouse eye openings to offer a basis for clinical research in human.Methods Thirty SPF C57BL/6 mice were divided into postnatal 1 day(P1 d),P7 d,P13 d(1 day before eye opening),P14 d(eye halfopened),P17 d(1 day after eye opening)and P23 d(7 day after eye opening)groups,with 5 mice and 10 eyes for each group.Entire corneal stretches were prepared and immunostaining with an anti-neuron-specific β-Ⅲ tubulin antibody was performed to label the corneal nerve fibers.Confocal microscopic pictures from the corneal dorsal-nasal region (DN),dorsal-temporal(DT),ventral-nasal region(VN)and ventral-temporal(VT)were taken using Delta Vision Core.From these pictures,the mouse corneal area,total length and density of nerve fibers in the 4 regions were calculated.The use of the animals complied with Statement of ARVO.Results Corneal areas of P1 d,P7d,P13 d,P14 d,P17 d and P23 d mice were(0.404±0.007),(1.362±0.154),(1.573±0.080),(1.603±0.046),(1.847±0.052),(2.445±0.798)mm2,respectively ; the total lengths of nerve fibers were(3.718±1.044),(19.065±3.350),(23.687±0.907),(27.309±2.477),(31.989±3.976),(41.214±1.573)mm,respectively ; the densities of nerve fibers were(9.592±1.138),(14.506±1.908),(15.088±1.241),(16.772±1.897),(16.821±2.102),(17.660±1.216)mm/mm2,respectively,all showing significant increases with age(F =22.906,P =0.000 ; F =0.424,P =0.000 ; F =2.375,P=0.000).A positive correlation of the increasing corneal areas and increasing lengths of nerve fibers was found(r=0.983,P＜0.01).Nerve fiber densities in the four corneal regions significantly increased with age(DN region:F =0.159,P =0.000 ; DT region:F =2.1 72,P =0.001 ; VN region:F =1.998,P =0.000 ; VT region:F=2.352,P=0.000).From P13 d to P14 d,the corneal nerve fiber densities in the DN region decreased by 6.0％ without significant difference(t =0.589,P =0.572); and the corneal nerve fiber densities in the DT region,VN region and VT region decreased by 4.6％,5.5％ and 0.1％,respectively,without significant difference from P14 d to P17 d(t=0.549,P=0.596;t=0.701,P=0.501 ;t=-0.100,P=0.919).Conclusions The development of nerve fibers in the whole cornea or the four corneal regions is influenced by eye opening in mouse to various extents.From P13 d to P14 d,the corneal nerve fiber densities in the DN region decreased by 6.0％ without significant difference.From P14 d to P17 d,the corneal nerve fiber densities in the DT region,VN region and VT region decrease by 4.6％,5.5％ and 0.1％,respectively,without significant difference.Afterwards,the growth of nerve fibers increased in pace and the growth rate is recovered.

Objective To study the clinical significance of antinuclear antibody (ANA),anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and antithyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4) in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).Methods 46 women with RSA diagnosis in out patient department in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from March 2015 to December 2016 were recruited as the study group,20 women with normal childbirth history were enrolled as the control group,ANA was detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay and ELISA,TSH,FT3 and FT4 were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay technology.Results The positive rates of ANA(IIF),TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab in patients with RSA were 24％,24％ and 15％ respectively which were significantly higher than those in healthy control (P＜0.05).Serum levels of TSH,TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab in patients with RSA were 2.70 ± 1.38 mIU/L,38.99 ± 10.18 IU/ml and 3.07 ± 1.69 IU/ml respectively,which were significantly higher than those in healthy cases (P＜0.05).Conclusion ANA and antithyroid antibodies were closely related with RSA.It is very important to screen ANA and antithyroid antibodies for etiological diagnosis and appropriate intervention in patients with RSA to reduce the incidence of abortion.

Objective To study the effect of misoprostol used to intenerate cervix and ease pain in hys- teroscopy.Methods 380 cases were divided into two groups randomly;260 cases of them were placed misoprostol 200?g in vagina 2 hours before hysteroscopy and 120 cases treated without drugs served as control.The diameter of cerical,hemorrhage,the rate of PAAS and bellyache were observed.Results The diameter of cerical,hemorrhage. the rare of PAAS and bellyache in the group of misoprostol were lower than those in the group of antitheses(P

According to the clinical experience and the active role of electroacupuncture instruments in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion, the potential security hazards of the available electroacupuncture instruments are pointed out. These hazards not only can cause injury to a varying degrees for the patient, but also lead to a poor therapeutic effect. The reasons of the security problems are mainly inaccurate regulation parameters, unreasonable displaying parameters, unscientific output of constant voltage, and unqualified protection measures for the electroacupuncture instrument. The countermeasures improving security and the measures increasing the intelligent level of the electroacupuncture instrument are put forward.
Electroacupuncture ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Safety ; Safety Management ; methods

OBJECTIVETo compare the clinical efficacy differences between fire needling technique of filiform needle at high stress points and regular acupuncture on chrondromalacia patellae so as to provide the better therapy for the treatment of this disease.

METHODSSixty cases of chrondromalacia patellae were randomized into a fire needling group (28 cases) and a routine acupuncture group (32 cases). In the fire needling group, 5 to 6 high stress points were localized according to the symptoms, palpation and imaging condition and were stimulated with fire needling technique of filiform needle. The treatment was given once every two days, 5 treatments made one session. In the routine acupuncture group, the regular acupuncture was applied at Dubi (ST 35), Xiguan (LR 7), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Zusanli (ST 36), etc. The treatment was given once every day, 5 treatments made one session. Lysholm score, VSA score, patella title angle (PTA) and lateral patella angle (LPA) of the affected knees before and after treatment, as well as the clinical efficacy after treatment were observed in the two groups.

RESULTSAfter treatment, Lysholm score, VSA score, PTA and LPA were all improved apparently in the two groups (all P < 0.01). After the treatments, the improvements in Lysholm score, VSA score, PTA and LPA in the fire needling group were more obvious than those in the routine acupuncture group (all P < 0.05). The effective rate was 92.9% (26/28) in the fire needling group, better than 87.5% (28/32) in the routine acupuncture group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe fire needling technique of filiform needle at the high stress points relieves the clinical symptoms of chrondromalacia patellae and recovers the biodynamical structure of patellae.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Adult ; Chondromalacia Patellae ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics of pathological fracture in extremities caused by bone tumors or tumor-like lesions. MethodsFrom August 2002 to December 2010, 139 patients with pathological fractures were entered in the study, including 79 males and 60 females with an average age of 31.1 years. Fractures included tumor-like lesion in 55 cases, benign tumor in 13, giant cell tumor (GCT)in 7, primary malignant tumors in 28, and metastatic tumors in 36. Forces induced to fractures were classified into four grades: spontaneous fracture, functional activity, minor injury, severe injury. Age, fracture location, histological results, fractures forces, prodromes, and misdiagnosis were all observed. Chi-square test were use to compare forces and prodromes within different tumors. ResultsThe highest morbidity rate is 32.4％(45/139) which lies in 11-20 years old. The cites of fractures including femurs in 71 cases, humerus in 36, tibia in 15, fingers in 7, radiuses in 4, fibula in 3, ulnas in 2, and metatarsus in 1. Fracture forces include spontaneous fractures in 29 cases, functional activity in 42, minor injuries in 65, and traumatic injuries in 3. Sixty-seven patients(48.2％) had local prodromes. The prodromes of both malignant tumors and metastatic tumors were more than benign tumors. Twenty cases experienced misdiagnosis with average delay time of 12 weeks. ConclusionMinor injury forces and local prodromes are clinical key features of pathological fractures. Both of them are key points of avoiding misdiagnosis.

OBJECTIVETo assess the spermatogenic function of the infertile patients with Y-chromosomal microdeletion.

METHODSThirty-five 23-44 years old patients with microdeletions of Y chromosome were included in this study. Three semen analyses confirmed that 26 cases were non-obstructive azoospermia and 9 oligospermia with sperm count < 1 x 10(6)/ml. They were divided into 3 groups by the locus of deletion, 5 cases of AZFa + b + c deletion in group 1, 4 cases of AZFb + c and 3 cases of AZFb deletion in group 2, and 23 cases of AZFc deletion in group 3. Semen was collected and centrifuged, the supernatant removed and the centrifugate applied on the clean slides after dilution. Following Wright's-Giemsa staining, the slides were viewed under the microscope. Testis histopathological biopsy was performed for 6 of the cases.

RESULTSIn group 1, no spermatogenic cells were observed but only Sertoli cells in 1 case, with a consistency between the result of spermatogenic cell test and that of testis biopsy. In group 2, spermatogenic cell tests revealed spermatocytes in 6 cases, 2 were proved by testis biopsy with sperm maturation arrest in the primary spermatocyte stage, and spermatogenic cells of all developmental stages were seen in 1 AZFb deletion patient with the same sperm maturation arrest as the above two. In group 3, only primary spermatocytes were detected by spermatogenic cell test in 5 oligospermia patients but no spermatogenic cells in the 15 azoospermia cases, and biopsy revealed 2 cases of Sertoli cell-only syndrome.

CONCLUSIONThe spermatogenic cell test can effectively assess the spermatogenic function of AZF deletion patients. Non-invasive and easily accepted by patients, it is highly recommendable for the evaluation of spermatogenesis of patients with Y-chromosomal microdeletion.

Adult ; Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; genetics ; pathology ; Male ; Semen ; cytology ; Semen Analysis ; Testis ; pathology