Objective To know the apolipoprotein E(APOE)genotypes frequency of Chinese old people in the rural area. Methods 2000 Chinese aged 65 years or older from four sites in China were enrolled in this study in 2004-2008.Two sites were from the Sichuan province in southwestern China,and another two sites were from the Shandong province in eastern China.The finger blood samples on filter paper were collected from all the investigated people in the end of the interview.The genotype for apolipoprotein E(gene symbol,APOE)was determined by eluting DNA from a dried blood spot,followed by HhaI digestion of amplified products.Results Through statistical analysis,APOE genotypes frequency of Chinese people aged 65 years or older in the rural area,as for ?/?2,?2/?3,?2/?4,?3/?3,?3/?4,?4/?4,they were 1.1%,13.55%,2.05%,68.80%,13.35% and 1.15% respectively.4 carriers and no 4 carriers were 16.55% and 83.45%.Conclusion The distribution of APOE 4 genotype is more widely in Chinese people aged 65 years or older in the rural area.

Objective To establish an animal model of severe blast lung injury in baby rabbits,and to provide a way to study the char-acteristic and treatment of blast lung injury in minors.Methods Randomly selected sixteen 4-weeks old New Zealand white rabbits,and the blast lung injuries were made by BST-Ⅰ biological shock tube with different drive pressure (4.0 MPa and 4.5 MPa)respectively.Then compared the injury severity of the 4.0 Mpa group and the 4.5 MPa group.Selected forty-eight 4-weeks old New Zealand white rabbits and di-vided them into the control group (8 rabbits)and the blast lung injury group (40 rabbits)Rabbits in the blast lung injury group were injured with 4.5 MPa drive pressure.Observed the vital signs,physiological index,gross anatomy of the lung,pathology,and pulmonary water content at the time of injury immediately (0 hour),2 hours,4 hours,6 hours,12 hours,24 hours,48 hours and 72 hours after the injury.Results Rabbits inthe 4.0 Mpa group and the 4.5 MPa group were all alive.The overpressure of blast wave of the 4.0Mpa group was (328.16 ± 4.78)kPa,rate of severe pulmonary defense was 12.5%,and the AIS score was (3.38 ±0.52)points.In the 4.5 MPa group,the overpressure of blast wave was (395.04 ±11.74)kPa,rate of severe pulmonary defense was 87.5%,and the AIS score was (4.13 ±0.64) points.Rabbits in the control group and the blast lung injury group were all alive.The spirits of rabbits were drooping immediately after inju-ry,and it last about 0.5 hour.Then the breathing and heart rate was accelerated,pulmonary water content was increased significantly,and there were extensive hemorrhage and edema in the lung.Most of the rabbits suffered severe lung injury,and the AIS score was (3.98 ±0.55) points.Lung tissue rupture,hemorrhage,edema,and inflammatory cells infiltration were the main pathological manifestations under light microscopy. Conclusion The model of severe blast lung injury in baby rabbits could be established with BST-Ⅰbiological shock tube and drive pressure of 4.5 MPa.It is relatively simple,easily controllable and highly repeatable,which can be used as a feasible model for the study of blast lung injury.

Objective To explore a new method for one-stage repair of the intestinal leakage based on the principle of magnetic compression anastomosis. Methods Twenty-four dogs were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 12) and control group (n = 12) according to random number table. The model of upper and multiple intestinal leakages was established by making transverse incisions of 1 cm in length on the jejunum wall about 50 cm and 100 cm away from the Treitz ligament. Forty-eight hours later, two NdFeB magnetic rings with the magnetic flux of 2500 G were put into the intestine from the leak sites. The leak sites were pressed between the two rings. The ventages in the control group were sutured. The condition of the dogs was observed after the repair of the leakage. The excreting time was recorded, and the leakage pressures of the anastomotic stoma were detected.The positions of the magnetic rings in the experimental group were detected by X ray. Tissues of the anastomotic stoma were processed by hematoxylin eosin and Masson staining. All data were analyzed using the two-sample t test. Results Severe abdominal infection occurred 48 hours after the establishment of the model. All the intestinal leakages in the experimental group were successfully repaired and the dogs survived for a long time. The magnetic rings were excreted six or seven days after the repair. Eight dogs of the control group survived. The leakage pressure of the anastomotic stoma seven days after the repair was (134 ±23)mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0. 133 kPa) in the experimental group and (91 ± 18)mm Hg in the control group, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (t = 3.225, P ＜ 0.05). The leakage pressure of the anastomotic stoma 14 days after the repair was (281 ±7)mm Hg in the experimental group and (271 ±21) mm Hg in the control group, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups (t =0. 988, P ＞ 0.05). Histological observation showed that after the magnetic compression anastomosis, the intestinal muscle and mucosa recovered well, inflammatory reaction was slight and less collagen fiber and scar was formed. Conclusions Application of magnetic ring with the magnetic flux of 2500 G in one-stage repair of the intestinal leakage in the state of severe abdominal infection is safe and reliable.

Epmedii Folium is a commonly used traditional Chinese drug, and is beneficial for the "liver" and "kidney" s function in Chinese medicine. Recently, the origin of this drug is more complex. Most of the identification studies are emphasized on the species certified by the pharmacopoeia and other related species from the same genus of Epimedium, but few was emphasized on the counterfeit. In this paper, one counterfeit of Epmedii Folium, identified as the dried leaf of Quercus variabilis (Fam. Fagaceae), has been reported based on field investigation, comparing specimen of Epmedii Folium and Q. variabilis,using the macroscopic, microscopic and TmC methods. It is resulted that they could be identified clearly not only by the macroscopic features, such as the vein character and the tooth apex, but also by the microscopic features, such as the vascular bundles of the midrib, the non-glandular hair, the anticlinal wall of the epidermis cell and the calcium oxalate crystal. Furthermore their TLC chromatograms showed also difference. This study will give reference for the identification of Epmedii Folium and the related supervision and inspection work.
China ; Discriminant Analysis ; Epimedium ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; Quercus ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry

Objective To explore the clinical value of renal dynamic imaging and urinary N-acetyl-?-D-glucosaminidase(NAG),apoptosis DNA fragment(ADF) in evaluating the damage degree of hydronephrotic kidneys(HnK) in children with hydronephrosis.Methods Level of glomerular filtration rate(GFR) was detected in 41 children with congenital hydronephrosis by renal dynamic imaging,and urine NAG,ADF in pelvis in HnK and healthy kidneys (as controls) were detected by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay(ELISA).Patholo-gic changes of HnK in 41 children were graded intoⅠ~Ⅴ according to Elder standard. And GFR,urinary NAG and ADF of HnK were divi-ded into subgroup according to pathologic changes ,at the same time statistical analysis was performed within each groups. And the correlations of pathologic grades with GFR,urinary NAG and ADF of HnK were analyzed.Results 1.Kindneys GFR in healthy kidneys and Hnk were (174.33?20.43)?10-3 L/min,(143.86?17.51)?10-3 L/min respectinely,and there was significant difference between healthy kidneys and Hnk (P0.05).3.There was significant negative correlation between GFR levels of HnK and pathologic grades(r=-0.814 P0.05).Conclusions For hydronephrotic kidneys,urinary NAG can eva-luate impaired nephric tubule whereas renal dynamic imaging may evaluate the damage level of glomeruli;urine ADF may not indicate the damage level of diseased kidneys in children with congenital hydronephrosis.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features and influencing factors of human brucellosis in Qinghai province,and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of brucellosis.Methods From 2006 to 2010,select the high incidence areas of brucellosis in Qinghai province and five counties(Henan,Dari,Tianjun,Ping'an and Haiyan counties) included in the “Central Subsidies to Local Public Health Special Fund Human Brucellosis Prevention and Control Projects” for the survey point,as well as high-risk employees from Qinghai Biological Pharmaceutical Factory were investigated.Combined with epidemiological questionnaire investigation [done according to the “National Human Brucellosis Surveillance Program(Trial)”],clinical symptoms and signs,confirmed human brucellosis patient were tested by intradermal allergy test,rose bengal plate agglutination test(RBPT) and standard tube agglutination test (SAT),in accordance with “Diagnostic Criteria and Principles of Management of Brucellosis” (GB 15988-1995) and“Diagnostic Criteria for Brucellosis” (WS 269-2007).Results Of 8368 serum samples detected,347 were RBPT positive,and the positive rate was 4.15％;5346 serum samples were tested by SAT,180 were positive,and the positive rate was 3.37％.In June 2009,112 employees in Qinghai Biological Pharmaceutical Factory were investigated on a follow-up survey,83 were RBPT positive,the positive rate was 74.11％; 58 were SAT positive,the positive rate was 51.79％.Eight of them were new cases and 4 were chronic brucellosis.Twenty five new cases were reported between 2006 and 2010.The peak incidence was from March to July.Most of the cases were herdsmen.ConclusionStrengthening animal quarantine,strengthening public education,and improving protection awareness,can effectively control the disease brucellosis.

To investigate the value of MRI for the diagnosis of achilles tendon closed rupture. 1.5T Maestro Class MRI scanner was used for the conventional scanning of 15 patients confirmed with achilles tendon closed ruptures by operation, and then the findings by imaging were compared with those by operation. The 15 patients proved with achilles tendon closed rupture, including 4 cases of incomplete rupture and 11 cases of complete rupture. MRI could display clearly the changes in morphology and signal of incomplete or complete closed ruptures of Achilles tendon, and the results were consistent with those by operation. MRI can make an accurate display of the lo-cation and extent of achilles tendon rupture.

Objective To analyze the bloodstream infections caused by vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE)in West China Hospital and examine the risk factors of such infections for best control of VRE infections .Methods Case‐control method was used to compare the bloodstream infections due to VRE with those caused by vancomycin‐susceptible Enterococcus(VSE)from August 2010 to August 2014 in West China Hospital .The data were compared by T‐test ,Chi‐square test (univariate analysis) and logistic regression analysis (multivariate analysis) using SPSS 19 .0 software .Results A total of 31 VRE strains were isolated from bloodstream infections in the study period ,including 5 (16 .1 % ) strains of vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis and 26 (83 .9 % )strains of vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium .In the past four years ,the prevalence of vancomycin‐resistant E . f aecalis in bloodstream infections was 1 .5% ,1 .6% ,1 .8% ,and 1 .2% ;while the prevalence of vancomycin‐resistant E . f aecium in bloodstream infections was 3 .8% ,4 .4% ,5 .8% ,and 7 .1% .Such VRE bloodstream infection was mainly found in Intensive Care Unit (ICU)(13 ,41 .9% )and Department of Neurosurgery (4 ,12 .9% ) .More than 90% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin .But less than 20% of the strains were resistant to quinupristin‐dalfopristin and linezolid . Univariate analysis indicated that prolonged hospital stay , ICU admission , venous catheter ,prior carbapenem exposure , prior vancomycin/norvancomycin exposure were associated with VRE bloodstream infections .Logistic regression analysis confirmed that venous catheter was an independent risk factor of VRE bloodstream infections .Conclusions Venous catheter is an independent risk factor for VRE bloodstream infections . Infection control measures should be strengthened to prevent the outbreak of VRE‐related bloodstream infections .

Objective To explore the clinical features, surgical techniques and treatment efficacy of blood blis?ter-like aneurysms (BBA) of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Method We retrospectively reviewed 45 BBAs of the ICA treated surgically at our department between Jan. 2006 and Jan. 2016. The data was analyzed. Results Direct clipping of BBA was performed in 38 patients, clipping over wrapping in 3 patients and trapping of ICA in 4 patients. Intraoperative rupture occurred in 12 patients (27%). Postoperative cerebral infarction developed in 10 cases (22%). Seven patients died (16%). During the follow-up time of 47 months (range, 6~126 months), Good results were achieved in 34 patients (76%) with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0~2 and 4 patients were in mRS 3~5. Follow-up angiography revealed a re?currence of BBA in one patient, which was retreated with endovascular coiling. No rebleeding was found in all fol?lowed-up patients. Conclusions BBAs of the ICA are difficult to treat surgically with high risk and complications. Thoughtful pre-operative evaluation of BBA and application of various surgical strategies during operation can signifi?cantly reduce the surgical risk and achieve good outcomes.

Objective To investigate the effects of extracellular ATP on the expression of(Mi- crotubule associated proteins MAP-2)and the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury in rats. Methods Six rats were selected randomly from 66 adult healthy Wistar rats as the normal control group,the rest animals were divided into two groups after contusion injury was performed by drop weight method with Allen impactor:Group A(ATP group)and Group B(control group),each group contained thirty rats.At days 1,3,7,14,and 28 after injury,the rats were killed,the expression of MAP-2 was detected with immunohistochemistry.The expression of MAP-2 in the adjacent area was quantitatively an- alyzed with a computer image analysis system.The recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury was assessed with improved Tarlov scores.Results The expression of MAP-2 was higher in Group A than in Group B after spinal cord injury in rats.Significant difference was revealed by the expression of MAP- 2 between the two groups at days 14 and 28 after injury(P