A wide range of uncomfortable symptoms are attributed to menopause.It is also during this time that women are at increasing risk of poor medical conditions such as osteoporosis,cancers and dementia.Most physicians pay attention to the proper selection of effective and reasonable therapeutic methods,unfortunately,no agreement exists on the clinical recommendations and choice.The article reviewed hormone replacement therapy(HRT),common therapy and traditional medical therapy.

Objective:To investigate the effect of short-term intensive treatment with insulin on metabolic control,?-cell function and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Methods:Thirty-eight newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups and treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSII) or multiple daily insulin injection(MDI) for 1 month.Fasting blood glucose(FBG) and lipid profiles were measured,and oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)was performed before and after the treatment.The second phase insulin and C peptide secretions were measured by calculating area under curve(AUC) in OGTT.HOMA model was used to evaluate ?-cell function((HOMA-?)) and insulin resistance. Results:Excellent control of FBG was achieved after 1 month intensive treatment.(HOMA-?) was improved significantly. Conclusion:The excellent metabolic control and ?-cell function improvement can be achieved by short-term intensive insulin therapies like CSII or MDI.

The chemical constituents isolated from Desmodium species (Leguminosae) included terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids compounds. Modem pharmacological studies have showed that the Desmodium species have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, analgesic and choleretic activity. This article mainly has reviewed the research advances of chemical constituents and biological activities of Desmodium species since 2003.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Fabaceae ; chemistry ; Humans

Autophagy is a common phenomenon which widely ex-ists in eukaryotic cells. Researches have shown that autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining cellular hemostasis, cell com-ponents update and keeping a normal physiological state. In re-cent years, the study has found that autophagy is closely related to the growth, the development of cardiovascular diseases and tumors. Further studies show that in different pathological condi-tions, autophagy could both promote angiogenesis and inhibit the formation of blood vessels. Therefore, it is particularly critical to elucidate the mechanisms of autophagy in the regulation of angio-genesis in different pathological conditions. The role of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases especially in the regulation of angio-genesis is discussed in this paper. Besides, the paper also in-cludes the discussion about the mechanisms of autophagy in the regulation angiogenesis, which may provide references for follow-up research and clinical treatment.

Objective To evaluate the significance of COLD-PCR in detecting KRAS mutation of pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer patients. Methods First, set up COLD-PCR and compared the sensitivities of COLD-PCR/Sanger sequencing with PCR/Sanger sequencing using mixed cell lines ( KRAS wild-type cell line SW116 and KRAS mutant cell line SW480).Then, detected KRAS mutation of 20 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of pancreatic cancer and 39 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of colorectal cancer using PCR/Sanger sequencing and COLD-PCR/Sanger sequencing, respectively and compared the coincidence rate and consistency. Results The low detection limits of PCR/Sanger respectively. KRAS frequency detected by COLD-PCR/Sanger sequencing [75% (15/20)] in 20 cases of pancreatic cancer was higher than that detected by regular PCR/Sanger sequencing [40% ( 8/20 ) ,x2 =5.013, P < 0.05]. KRAS frequency detected by COLD-PCR/Sanger sequencing [44% (17/39)] in 39 cases of colorectal cancer was higher than that detected by regular PCR/Sanger sequencing [31% (12/39) ,x2 =1. 372, P = 0. 174]. The coincidence rate of these two methods was 0. 730 and the difference had no statistical significance. The coincidence rate of detecting KRAS mutation was 65% in pancreatic cancer and the results showed a good correlation between two methods and the two methods had bad agreement in diagnosis (Kappa = 0. 364, P < 0. 05 ). COLD-PCR/Sanger sequencing could detect more cases of KRAS mutations from pancreatic caner than regular PCR/Sanger sequencing. This was because there were many non-tumor cells in pancreatic tumor tissue and COLD-PCR/Sanger sequencing was more sensitive than regular PCR/Sanger sequencing. The coincidence rate of detecting KRAS mutations was 87% in colorectal cancer and the results were showed a good correlation between two methods and the two methods had substantical agreement in diagonsis ( Kappa = 0. 730, P < 0. 05 ) . Conclusion COLD-PCR/Sanger sequencing is highly sensitive to screen KRAS mutation in pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer patients.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of treating glioma in combination of two kinds of drugs by comparing the size of tumors and the survival time of different groups in rat glioma after targeted blood‐brain barrier (BBB) disruption by focused ultrasound under MRI‐guide. Methods The stereotaxis instruments and the 10 μl gas‐tight syringes were used to inject gliosarcoma cells into the targeted area of the brain in 40 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. The glioma‐bearing rats models were established. Rats were divided into 4 groups to receive different treatment :(1) no treatment (control, n = 8), (2) IV Avastin (Avastin only, n =10), (3) IV liposomal doxorubicin (DOX only, n =10), (4) IV Avastin and liposomal doxorubicin (Avastin+DOX, n =10). The SonoVue microbubbles and DOX or Avastin were injected into the tail vein respectively on the 12th day after implantation. The tumor size was measured by MRI on immediacy, once a week after targeted BBB disruption by focused ultrasound, and the life span in rat glioma was recorded. Results The average survival time of different groups in rat glioma was as follows :no treatment(17 ± 4)d, Avastin(20 ± 4)d, DOX(25 ± 5)d, DOX+ Avastin(40 ± 5)d. The tumor size after post‐treatment of different groups in rat glioma was as follows :no treatment(5 7.0 ± 4 3.0)mm, Avastin(4 3.0 ± 2 5.0)mm, DOX(4 1.2 ± 3 1.0)mm, DOX + Avastin(2. 20 ± 1. 30)mm. There was significant increased in average survival time and decreased in tumor size after a combination treatment DOX+ Avastin compared with other groups( P < 0 0.1). Conclusions The microbubble blasting by MRI‐guided focused ultrasound enhances the local tissue permeability and promotes the drug delivery of chemotherapy and anti‐angiogenesis locally in glioma‐bearing rats. Especially, the combination of two kinds of drugs has a synergism efficacy that may reduce tumor growth and increase survival time significantly after BBB disruption.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of treating glioma in combination with drugs multiply by comparing the size of tumor and the survival time of different groups in rat glioma after targeted blood-brain barrier (BBB ) disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound.Methods The stereotaxis instruments and the 10 μl gas-tight syringes were used to inject gliosarcoma cells into the targeted area of the brain in 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats.The glioma-bearing rat model was established.Each rat received either:(1 )no treatment (control;n =8);(2)single liposomal doxorubicin (DOX;n = 10);(3)multiple DOX (n =10);(4)single Avastin (AVS)and DOX (n =10);(5)multiple AVS and DOX (n =10).The SonoVue microbubble ultrasonic contrast agent and DOX or AVS were injected into the tail vein respectively on day 12 after implantation.The tumor size was measured by MRI on pre-treatment,immediacy and once a week of post-treatment after targeted BBB disruption by focused ultrasound,and the life span in rat glioma was recorded.Results The mediam survival of different groups in rat glioma(The range of the life span 13-90 d):no treatment (7 d);single DOX (12 d);multiple DOX (1 5 d);single AVS + DOX (22 d), multiple AVS+ DOX (30 d).There was significant difference of the groups on mediam survival comparison (P < 0.01 ).The tumor growth pattern after post-treatment of different groups in rat glioma except control:single DOX was noticeable fast and multiple AVS+DOX was visibly delayed comparable to other groups,and finally the tumor size of multiple AVS + DOX even became small.Conclusions The microbubble blasting enhances the local tissue permeability and promotes the drug delivery of chemotherapy and anti-angiogenesis locally in glioma-bearing rats by MRI-guided focused ultrasound.Especially,the combination with drugs multiply has a synergism efficacy that may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy,reduce tumor growth,and even become small of the tumor size,and increase survival time significantly after BBB disruption.

BACKGROUND:The measure and prediction of the shape of optic nerve head are the key issues for early diagnosis and duration prediction of glaucoma. Therefore, it is significant to research the shape variation of optic nerve head under high intraocular pressure.
OBJECTIVE:To establish three-dimensional finite element model of optic nerve head and to analyze the deformation of optic nerve head and the change in retina thickness after acute high intraocular pressure.
METHODS:Animal model of acute ocular hypertension was established by methods of anterior chamber perfusion. The tomographic images of the optic nerve head of a cat were obtained at the normal intraocular pressure and 5 320 Pa, 7 980 Pa, 10 640 Pa, 13 300 Pa, 15 960 Pa intraocular pressures using optical coherence tomography. Then, we measured the variation of retinal thickness at typical location. Basing on the tomographic images of optic nerve head of a cat at normal intraocular pressure, we obtained three-dimensional structure of retina and choroid using software MIMICS. Then three-dimensional model of optic nerve head was established by assembling the retina and choroid. The deformation of optic nerve head and the change in retinal thickness under high intraocular pressure were observed using software ABAQUS. The effectiveness of the model was verified by the experimental result.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:With the increase of intraocular pressure, the retinal thickness is thinner, the optic nerve head depth, width and the ratio of the depth to width are gradual y increased. It suggests that the acute high intraocular pressure causes retinal thinning, optic nerve head widening and deepening. It is feasible to establish optic nerve head modeling in vivo by using optical coherence tomography, mechanical analysis can be applied to predict the shape variation of optic nerve head, which is significant to further deduce the pathological process of glaucoma.

Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of retrograde ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy (UHL) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in treating patients with renal calculi of ≤3 cm.Methods From Feb.2008 to Apr.2011,a total of 109 cases (117 renal calculi in total) treated by either PCNL (50) or UHL (67) were retrospectively analyzed.Operative time,stone free rate,postoperative hospital stay,hospitalization expenses and complications were compared in the 2 groups.Results The mean stone burden of the UHL group and PCNL group was 2.5 cm (1.5-3.0) cm and 2.4 cm (1.3-3.0) cm,respectively.There was no significant difference in two groups.In UHL group,operations were performed successfully in all 67 calculi,of whom,43 patients needed combination of flexible ureteroscopy to break the stone fragments falling into the renal calices.No serious complication was recorded except postoperative fever in 3 cases.In PCNL group,all patients had been successful operated.Postoperative fever occurred in 2 cases.Obvious intraoperative and postoperative haemorrhage appeared in 1 case,and cured by selective renal artery embolization.The operation time of the UHL group and PCNL group was (117.0±36.5) min and (90.0±18.3) min respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).The stone free rate of the UHL group and PCNL group was 94％ (63/67) and 92％ (46/50) respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).Hemoglobin decline of the UHL group and PCNL group was (0.3±0.1) g/L and (20.6±8.1) g/L,and had significant difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Postoperative hospital stay of the UHL group and PCNL group was (5.0±2.4) day and (7.0±3.7) day,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜ 0.05).Hospitalization expenses of the UHL group and PCNL group was (15 477.0±754.3) RMB and (27 453.0± 1763.5) RMB,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusions Although UHL and PCNL have similar curative effect in treating renal stones of less than 3 cm,UHL have the advantages of lcss trauma and complication,lower expenses and fewer hospital stay.In treating renal stones of smaller than 3 cm,especially in the contraindication of PCNL,UHL may be a better choice.

Objective To investigate the clinical pathologic significance of lymphangiogenesis in in colorectal cancer. Methods New lymphatic-specific markers D2-40 was used immunohistochemically to detect the lymphatic vessel density(LVD) in the intratumoural and peritumoral areas, and in normal tissue from 96 cases of colorectal cancer, which were analyzed with clinical pathologic parameters of those colorectal cancer. Results Significandy higher LVD was found in the intratumoural area(14.5±2.4), when compared with normal(5.9±1.1)and peritumoural areas(6.7±1.2) (P<0.01). LVD of the peritumoural area was higher than normal area (P< 0.01). However, peritumoural LVD was associated with both depth of invasion and liver metastasis (r=0.71,0.78 P<0.05), but not associated with tumour size, macroscopic type and lymph-node metastasis (P>0.05). Intratu-moural LVD was not correlated with tumour size, macroscopic type, the depth of invasion,lymph-node metastasis, and liver metastasis(P>0.05). Conclusion Lymphangiogenesis in the peritumoural area may be helpful in evalution of liver metastasis and prognosis.