Since the instability of the spine caused by trauma,tumor,tuberculosis,deformity cor-rection and other reasons requires reconstruction,many scholars have conducted a large number of thorough researches,but the treatment options for unstable cervical spine still plague the clinicians.Considering the factors of stability and safety,more and more clinicians choose cervical pedicle screw placement as the treatment for spinal instability.In this work,the most common methods and the latest technologies of cervi-cal pedicle screw placement at home and abroad are summarized and reviewed.It provides references for clinical practices and presents the significance of high-tech assisted screw placement in the future.

With the development of nanotechnology,nanomaterials have great application potential in drug delivery system.Understanding the cellular uptake mechanism of nanoparticles has important scientific significance and application value in understanding life processes in cellular level,mechanisms of drug action and gene therapy,which provides the basis for developing safer and more effective nanosized drug carrier.This review summarizes the latest advancement about cellular uptake mechanisms of nanopatricles.Based on a brief introduction of the endocytic pathway of nanoparticles,influencing factors of endocytosis pathway are discussed,and the common methods used to study nanoparticle endocytosis pathways are also introduced in detail.

Cheek ; pathology ; Choristoma ; Humans ; Salivary Ducts

Agarases are glycoside hydrolases.They are grouped into?and?types,which hydrolyze?-1,3 linkages and?-1,4 linkages respectively.The paper is about advance in research of agarase including the research of biology,the classcification,the crystal structure,the catalysis mechanism and application of agarases.

Low back pain has a serious impact on people's lives in t he world.With the approaching of aging society in China,the number of low back pain increased rapidly.Though many of the pathological factors in spine might lead to low back pain,Modic changes (MCs) was one of the most important factors.Therefore,to get familiar with MCs in the etiology and pathology has a positive practical significance.Although a large number of studies have analyzed the epidemiological and imaging characteristics of MCs,there are relatively few studies on the histological and pathological fields of MCs.In recent years,researchers have gradually shed some light on etiology of MCs and found that low toxic bacterial infection and autoimmune reaction may play a vital role in the development of MCs.The damage of vertebral body or endplate is closely related to the etiopathogenesis of MCs.In addition,to reveal the pathological characteristic of MCs is also a good attempt for better understanding of MCs.There are various imaging changes in MCs,however,what is the pathological basis behind it.It is also unclear that why different types of MCs are capable of transformation? When MCs occur,the activation of some cytokines (such as IL-6,RANKL,etc.) and certain receptors (TLR,PPARγ,etc.) can interfere with the formation and metabolism of the nearby bone marrow cells,break the balance of formation and absorption in trabecular beam and further change their microstructures through various pathways.During this dynamic balance process,the different types of MCs can be transformed into each other.The specific type may not only depend on the intensity and duration of inflammatory stimulus,but also rely on the composition and metabolic status of the bone marrow.Although the study of animal models has made some progress,some limitations still exist in practical course.Due to the unclear mechanism of MCs,the study on etiology and pathology of MCs may play a great important role in clarifying this issue.

Objective To determine multiple inorganic anions in drinking water with ion chromatography,such as F~-,Cl~-, NO_2~-,Br~-,HPO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-).Methods The ion chromatography was used.The optimized conditions were explored.Results Under the selected flow rate(1.5 ml/min),the optimal concentration of eluent NaHCO_3 and Na_2CO_3 was 2.0?10~(-3)and 3.0?10~(-3) mmol/L,under the concentration of eluent,the optimum pump flow rate was 1.5 ml/min,the recovery rate was 94.69%-102.20%. Conclusion This method is applicable to the determination of multiple inorganic anions in drinking water.

0.05). There was no neoplasia appeared at 12 weeks after implantation. Pathological section showed that nerve cell and medullary sheath were integrated without fibroplasia or necrosis, and only a little of infiltration of lymphocytes appeared. CONCLUSION: Activity and secretion function can be kept by the microencapsulation technique on PC12 cells. When microencapsulated PC12 cells were implanted into subarachnoid cavity, the cells can maintain good activity and secretion without oncogenicity.

Objective To explore the relationship of neck pain,neck disability index(NDI),and surface eleetromyography(sEMG)in subjects with work-related neck and shoulder musculoskeletal disorders.Methods Fifry-five patients with neck and shoulder pain participated in this study.VAS and NDl were used to evaluate the degree of pain and disability of the patients.The signals of maximum voluntary contraction(MVC)and typing status were recorded using the sEMG recording techniques.The amplitude of typing status was used to normalize the amplitude of MVC of each side of both neck and shoulders and the amplitude probability distribution function(APDF)of 50%MVC was calculated.Then.the relationship of VAS,NDI and the APDF values of each side of both neck and shouIders were compared.Results VAS was correlated to the NDI(P<0.01)and the APDF of 50%MVC and the later had significant differences according to different degrees of pain[mild to moderate pain(VAS<7)versus severe pain(VAS ≥7)];NDI had no relationship with the APDF of 50%MVC and the later had no significant differences according to different degrees of NDI[mild to moderate(NDI<25)versus severe pain(NDI≥25)].Conclusion VAS was correlated to the APDF of 50%MVC and the later had significant differences according to different degrees of pain:but NDI had no relationship with the APDF of 50%MVC.

ObjectiveTo explore the association between HLA -A gene and anaphylactoid purpura(AP) in children of Mongolia in Inner Mongolia. To find correlated genes and study part of pathogenesis and the method of prevention and cure of AP. MethodsThe method of case control was adopted and selected 56 children with AP as case group and 66 health children as control group in Mongolia,who had resided in Inner Mongolia three generations without consanguinity, history of mixed, marriages, other medical history , and family history of immunity,led into polymerase chain reaction sequence specific oligonucleotide probes technique, analyzed the type of HLA-A gene. The compare of gene frenquency made with logistic regression after χ2 or Fisher test. ResultsThe gene frenquency of HLA- A * 11 ( 16. 1% ) allele in case group compared to that of control group( 9. 1% ) ,Wald of HLA-A * 11 gene was 3. 954 ,P =0. 047, the difference had statistical significance. B = 0. 844 > 0, OR = 2. 325 > 1, it helped development of the disease,which 95％confident interval was 1. 012-5.340,which did not include 1 ,EF =0. 342 >0. ConclusionHLA-A * 11 allele may be the susceptible gene of AP in children of Mongolia in Inner Mongolia.

Objective:To explore the vulnerability and related risk behaviors of the out-of-school adolescents floating with their parents from country to city.Methods:From September to October in 2005,260 out-of-school adolescents who were 14 to 20 years old were investigated in our study.Results:The out-of-school adolescents lacked of HIV/AIDS knowledge and life skills,and their psychosocial competence was at a lower level.The adolescents were open-minded to sex,but they were not conscious of using condoms.Attitude towards people with HIV was positively correlated with a well-being family,harmonious relation between their parents,a stable job,knowledge,life skills and psychosocial competence(such as in control of emotions,empathy).Their life skills were positively correlated with their mothers'schooling satisfaction with family income,a stable job,high scores of knowledge,social responsibility,and interpersonal relationship.Competence of HIV/AIDS prevention was positively correlated with schooling,a stable job,knowledge,life skills,and psychosocial competence.Conclusion:Out-of-school adolescents were vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.Individual level intervention combined with structural intervention could effectively reduce their vulnerability.Effective and feasible health education approach to enhance their life skills and psychosocial competence was a key point to health education on HIV/AIDS prevention.