Internal fixation technique is an important surgical method in cervical spine surgery.This article will introduce kinds of internal fixation techniques,discuss the differences and problems of them.Posterior screw-rod system and anterior odontoid screw technique have more advantages to provide solid fixation and high fusion rate in upper cervical trauma according to the latest reports.they are the effective and creditable surgical methods for reconstructing the stability of upper cervical spine.

AIM: To study the tilt of the intraocular lens (IOL) after Nd:YAG capsulotomy (YAG) and variation of the axial length (AL) in patients with posterior capsular opacification (PCO).METHODS: The study involved 18 eyes of 14 patients with PCO after uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery and IOL implantation.All patients had taken examinations,including testing best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) by using standard logarithmic visual acuity chart,images of ocular anterior segment and AL by OCT.After the examinations,YAG was operated upon all patients.Each eye received one drop of Diclofenac Sodium Eye Drops immediately after YAG,and patients had taken examinations listed above again.One week later,BCVA and OCT were tested as well.Data (BCVA,tilt of IOLs,and AL) were recorded and analyzed statistically by SPSS.RESULTS: Mean patient age was 73.93±6.94y,including 5 males and 9 females,8 left eyes and 10 right eyes,altogether 14 patients with 18 eyes.In this study,tilt of IOLs was defined as the angle of anterior surface of IOL and pupil plane (briefly called Tilt,unit:°).Before YAG,mean Tilt was 2.896±2.286°,mean AL was 23.56±0.55mm.1h after YAG,mean Tilt was 4.702±2.991°,mean AL was 23.40±0.59mm,and BCVA enhanced 3.72±1.74 lines.1wk after YAG,9 patients with 12 eyes were involved in the study.The mean Tilt of these 12 eyes was 3.175±1.791° 1h after YAG and 3.434±1.835° 1wk after YAG.There were significant differences between Tilt before YAG and Tilt 1h after YAG.There were no significant differences between AL before YAG and AL 1h after YAG.There were no significant differences between Tilt 1h after YAG and Tilt 1wk after YAG.The lines of enhancement of BCVA 1h after YAG was correlated to differences between Tilt before YAG and Tilt 1h after YAG,of which the correlation coefficient was-0.523.CONCLUSION: IOLs of patients with PCO tilted after YAG,while AL rarely changed.After YAG,the less IOLs tilted,the more BCVA enhanced.

Objective:To clarify the mechanism of crisis serum' mediated gametocyte infectivity to the mosquito vector Methods:Observing the effects of mouse serum , which was obtained 5 days after P yoelii infection (D5 serum) on gametocyte infectivity by IFA and mosquito live feeds, and the production of IFN ??TNF ??IL 4 and NO - 2 in the hosts in vivo and in vitro by ELISA and Griess reaction And to investigate the ability of malaria parasitized red blood cell extract (PRBC extract) to induce NO Results:The development of the gametocytes from mice 5 days postinfection into ookinetes were completely inhibited D5 serum was not immediate to inhibit gametocyte development, which was injected intravenously into the mice 3 days after P yoelii infection But 4 h later after injection D5 serum stimulated the increasing IFN ? and NO production and inhibited gametocyte infectivity Moreover, PRBC extract showed the ability to induce NO Conclusion:Infected host serum blocks transmission of P yoelii via a nitric oxide dependent mechanism

Objective To investigate the effect of combined application of mannitol and monosialoganglioside on neurological function and its efficacy in brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods 92 cases of cerebral edema in patients with cerebral hemorrhage in our hospital, were randomly divided into groups, each group of 46 cases, the control group on the basis of the treatment of mannitol (125mL per times, once per 8h) treatment, the study group on the basic of control group received monosialogangliosides (20mg per times, once daily), 10d for a course of treatment, determination of serum indexes, neurological functions were recorded. Results The effective rate of control group was 71.74%, which was lower than 91.30% of the study group, there was significant difference (P < 0.05); compared with control group after treatment , in study group the intracranial pressure, intracranial hematoma, edema decreased, the urine volume increased, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and quality of life score decreased, interleukin (IL-1β), high sensitive C reaction protein (Hs-CRP), IL-6 and IL-8 levels decreased, Na+-K+-ATP enzyme increased, the ratio of cerebrospinal fluid albumin and serum albumin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) and MMP-9 decreased, there were significant differences (P < 0.05). Conclusion The effect of the combined application of mannitol and monosialoganglioside on cerebral edema after cerebral hemorrhage is exact and could improve neurologic function.

Objective To study the mechanism of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods Articles have been reviewed to find out the theory of spontaneous rupture of HCC.Results Researchful results suggested that the injury of small arteries was usually followed in patients of spontaneous rupture of HCC.In this review,the immune complex,which composed of hepatitis B virus e antigen,complement C1q and immunoglobulins,was found deposited in the elastic membrane of arteries.Likely as a result of immune complex deposition,vascular injury occurs mainly in the small arteries where the deposition of immune complex was present.The small arteries in which immune complex deposited are readily injuried and cause hemorrhage and rupture of HCC during vascular load increase. Conclusion We would conclude that immune complex deposition in vessel wall led to the small arteries injury may be the factor involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous ruptured HCC.

A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase microextraction method ( SPME-GC/QQQ) was developed for the determination of chlorinated anilines ( CAs) residues in soil. The multi-reaction monitoring ( MRM ) parameters were optimized. The SPME conditions such as amount of soil sample, volume of added water, extraction temperature and absorption time were investigated. Optimum SPME conditions including 8 g of soil sample, 4 mL of water, 80℃ of extraction temperature and 40 min of absorption time were employed in the experiment. Method detection limits were within the range of 1-10 pg/g, while linearities were within the range of 5-1000 pg/g. Under the optimized conditions, the soil samples spiked with 200 pg/g targets were determined with recoveries of 96. 8%-144. 2%and relative standard deviations of 13 . 4%-27 . 8% ( n=5 ) . The proposed method combines simplicity and rapidity of SPME and high selectivity of MRM. It is especially suitable for the quick screening and determination of trace amounts of chlorinated anilines residues in soil.

Objective To study the relationship between the changes of ten elemental contents in serum and schizophrenia.Methods Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) in serum in the of schizophrenic patients and normal subjects are measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, compared the content of elements between the schizophrenia and normal.Results There were significant differences ( P<0.05) in other elements between two groups except lead.The contents of Ca,Fe,Mg,Zn,As,Se,Cu in the patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those in control, while Al, Mn were significantly higher than those in control.Most of elements in serum between case and control groups were correlated (P<0.05).Some of element ratios which have physiological significance were significant statistically (P<0.05), such as: Ca/Mg, Ca/Fe and so on.Conclusion These findings suggest that the patients with schizophrenia might have an abnormal elemental metabolism.Given the relationship among the elements, the element ratios are more valuable in reflecting the relationship between schizophrenia and elements.

Objective Surgical treatment of lung cancer needs to follow strict quality control standard for the aims of accuracy of pathological staging and potentially improved prognosis.However,there are short of studies related to surgical quality analysis.Methods One hundred and twelve patients were enlisted with the diagnosis of lung cancer and received surgical intervention in 2007.Surgical quality of these cases were retrospectively analyzed in compliance with three international standards,National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN),American College of Surgeons’ Oncology Group (ACOSOG),and International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC).Results No surgical death was reported in this group.According to NCCN,ACOSOG and IASLC standards,qualified operations were 82 cases (80.4％),73 cases (71.6％),45 cases (44.1％) in 102 cases with R0 resection,respectively.The median total lymph nodes,median mediastinal nodes,and N1 nodes were 27 (range 0-63),16.5 (range 0-43),and 10.5 (range 0-26),respectively.The median mediastinal node stations resected were 4 (range 0-6).In the mediastinum,stations of 4R,5,6 and 7 presented the highest frequency of receiving lymph node dissection.For N1 stations,10 and 12 were among the top list.For the whole group,1-year survival,3-year survival and 4-year survival were 92％ (95％ CI,89-95),67％ (95％ CI,62-72),57％ (95％ CI,52-62),respectively.Conclusion Quality control is the essential part of surgical treatment of lung cancer,which will facilitate the baseline standardization of clinical research.Since IASLC provides the strictest standard for lung cancer surgery,we suggest that all thoracic surgeons need to follow this standard to secure the accuracy of pathological diagnosis and for a potential better prognosis.

Lymph node metastasis is a main route of metastasis for rectal cancer,and skip metastasis is an im portant characteristic.Many cases were found metastasis or micrometastasis in lateral or upper lymph node before the definite metastasis in mesenterium lymph node.To exactly check and diagnose the lymphnode metastasis can help manage CLIN,and influence the prognosis.In reeent years,progress has achieved in the study of lymphnode micrometestasis,and it is really a promotion for the management of rectal cancer.

Laparoscopic technology has been used in clinic for many years around the world, but its using in colonrectal operation is in recent years, especially in rectal cancer, is developing just in latest 20 years. This article explored the development,the disputing issues and the prospectings of laparoscopic operation for recatal cancer.