Clinical education for undergraduates in China can be divided into three phases:preclinical phase,clinical clerkship phase,clinical practice phase,and each phase has its own features and different teaching tasks.Currently there are four teaching methods mostly applied in clinical education:lecture-based Learning (LBL),team-based learning (TBL),case-based learning (CBL) and problem-based learning (PBL).LBL is a teacher-centered.teaching method,which focuses on making knowledge accurate,systematic and comprehensive;TBL,CBL and PBL are student-centered teaching methods,which can improve students' enthusiasm and subject initiative.Each teaching method has advantages and dis-advantages.According to the different characteristics of three stages of medical education,this paper analyzes the reasonable application of different medical teaching methods in three stages of undergraduate medical education:in preclinical stage,combining LBL with TBL teaching methods;in clinical clerkship phase,combining the teaching methods of LBL,TBL and CBL;in clinical practice stage,combining CBL with PBL teaching methods.

This article made a summarization and analysis on acupuncture related empirical and clinical research literature in Science Citation Index (SCI) periodicals in 2009.Authors used acupuncture respectively as the key word to retrieve in SCI periodicals in 2009 through Web of Science and got 630 articles.The articles were summarized and analyzed on experimental design, experimental research content, disease category, acupuncture accident and systematic review of clinical effect from native and abroad.

By sorting out the literature on circling acupuncture manipulation in past dynasties’ acupuncture books and famous doctors’ treatises and selecting representative doctors and works, this article summarizes, sorts out and analyzes the definition, performance, action and application of circling acupuncture manipulation and explores its essence in order to promote the inheritance of circling acupuncture manipulation as old and very effective therapy and better its clinical application.

A new terpenoid, lucidone D (1), has been isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Its structure was determined to be 7beta, 15alpha-dihydroxy-4, 4, 14alpha-trimethyl-3, 11, 20-trioxo-5alpha-pregn-8-en on the basis of 1D and 2D-NMR spectral analysis.

High resolution melting (HRM), based on melting curve analysis, requires not only saturating dyes that fluoresce in the presence of double-stranded DNA, but also higher resolution detection equipment. The melting curve is a novel method for sequence matching, genotyping and mutation scanning. The technology is simple, accurate, rapid, closed-tube, low-cost, and high-throughput, which make it gain more and more applications. This review article presents the basic principles, key factors and both the advantage and limitations of HRM. The potential application is discussed in the study of molecular identity of traditional Chinese medicine.
DNA Mutational Analysis ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; classification ; Genotyping Techniques ; methods ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Nucleic Acid Denaturation

High resolution melting (HRM), based on melting curve analysis, requires not only saturating dyes that fluoresce in the presence of double-stranded DNA, but also higher resolution detection equipment. The melting curve is a novel method for sequence matching, genotyping and mutation scanning. The technology is simple, accurate, rapid, closed-tube, low-cost, and high-throughput, which make it gain more and more applications. This review article presents the basic principles, key factors and both the advantage and limitations of HRM. The potential application is discussed in the study of molecular identity of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To explore whether albumin corrected anion gap (ACAG) is associated with long-term mortality of sepsis patients.Methods Adult patients with a diagnosis of sepsis within the first 24 hours (from December 2013 to December 2014) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were included via the Sepsis database of West China Hospital Sichuan University. To record their long-term survival, patients were followed up by telephone interview one year after enrollment. ACAG was calculated according to the anion gap (AG) level within the first 24 hours admitted to ICU, and patients were divided into normal ACAG group (ACAG 12-20 mmol/L) and high ACAG group (ACAG > 20 mmol/L), and clinical characteristics and 1-year mortality were compared between groups. Patients were also divided into survivors and non-survivors according to the 1-year survival outcome, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to find independent risk factors for long-term mortality of sepsis patients.Results A total of 296 sepsis patients were enrolled in the study, with 191 (64.5%) in the high ACAG group and 105 (35.5%) in the normal ACAG group. There were no significant differences in age, gender, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), Charlson cormobidity index (CCI) and other background variables between groups. Compared with the normal ACAG group, patients who suffered from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in the high ACAG group were more prone to develop renal and gastrointestinal injury (43.5% vs. 25.7%, 52.9% vs. 33.3%, respectively), had significantly higher serum creatinine [SCr (μmol/L): 89.0 (61.0, 148.0) vs. 67.1 (48.0, 86.0)], greater need for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT, 16.8% vs. 6.7%), and significantly shorter length of ICU stay and hospital stay [days: 11 (5, 22) vs. 16 (18, 31), 21 (14, 39) vs. 28 (20, 47)], with statistically significant differences (allP < 0.05). It was shown by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis that 1-year cumulative survival for the high ACAG group was significantly lower than that of the normal ACAG group (55.0% vs. 67.7%,P = 0.046). It was shown by multivariate logistic regression that ACAG [odds ratio (OR) = 1.201, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.115-1.293,P = 0.000], APACHE Ⅱ (OR = 1.053, 95%CI = 1.011-1.098, P = 0.014), the incidence of septic shock (OR = 2.203, 95%CI = 1.245-3.898,P = 0.007), fungus infection (OR = 3.107, 95%CI = 1.702-5.674,P = 0.000), acute renal failure (OR = 2.729, 95%CI = 1.134-6.567,P = 0.025) and complicated with malignancy (OR = 2.929, 95%CI = 1.395-6.148,P = 0.005) were independent risk factors contributing to increased 1-year mortality among sepsis patients.Conclusion ACAG was an independent risk factor for 1-year mortality of sepsis patients.

A 52-year-old female presented with unexplained thrombocytopenia for 29 years and a prunosus plaque on the right cheek for 9 years.She had ever been treated with glucocorticoids,which resulted in a slight improvement of the condition,but the platelet count remained below the normal range.During glucocorticoid tapering,she had administrated traditional Chinese medicines for a long peroid.Recently,the plaque on the cheek became swollen and painful with a progressive decrease in platelet count.Routine blood test showed that the count of white blood cells and platelets was 3.0 × 109/L and 2 × 109/L respectively,and the concentration of hemoglobin was 85 g/L.Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed multiple liver hemangiomas,one of which in the left liver lobe measured 14 cm × 5.7 cm in size.After medical treatment,the giant hemangioma in the left lobe was resected.Thereafter,the platelet count increased to 120 × 109/L with the subsidence of swelling of the right cheek.Postoperative pathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver with extensive intravascular thrombosis and thrombus organization.Based on these findings,the case was diagnosed as adult Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.

Fluorescent technology is widely used in many fields due to its high sensitivity. However, the direct quantification of one target analyte in complex system is still difficult to be achieved when using the traditional fluorescent method without any pretreatment separation procedure. This is due to the fact that serious overlapping of fluorescence spectra often occurs, mainly originating from natural interferences in complex sample backgrounds, or the interferents with similar structures to a target analyte, particularly in the simultaneous analysis of multi-components samples. The rapid development of modern analytical instruments and three-way data collection techniques has led to a resurgence of interest in the development of chemomet-rics-based analytical strategies, which might light a new avenue to simple experimentation using“mathematical separation” as a replacement or enhancement of“physical or chemical separation” of uncalibrated background or interferents. These methods can offer a highly attractive property, called“second-order advantage”, which allows for the direct and rapid determination of a single target component or simultaneous determination of multiple target components in complex samples, even in the presence of uncalibrated interferences. The property has been a hotspot in the current chemometric domain, and was successfully employed for many applications, such as pharmaceuticals, biological, food, environmental analysis and so on.

Para-neoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) is a series of rare illnesses affecting the nervous system and associated with several malignant tumors. PNS is manifested by various clinical symptoms, which conventionally precede the diagnosis of tumors in months or even years. Although anti-neuronal antibodies can indicate the presence of cancer, numerous false positive and false nega-tive cases are detected. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis of PNS has become a challenge. Position emission tomography/computed to-mography (PET/CT) is an image-fusion method containing anatomical and functional information and can be used to obtain whole-body images by a single scan. Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging can reveal potential malignant lesions in the whole body and diagnose specific types of cancer. This technology can also be applied to assess functional abnormality in the brain and moni-tor its response to treatment. Furthermore, the mechanism, clinical manifestation, and diagnosis of PNS are introduced in this study. Re-cent applications of FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of PNS are reviewed to improve diagnostic accuracy.