P2X7 receptors,belonging to purinergic P2 receptor family,are ATP-gated cation channels,which can choose the bivalent cations freely.P2X7 receptors join in cell signal conduction and the excretion of the cytokines and other physical functions.In recent years,researchers have discovered P2X7 receptors mediate the cells to live and grow by increasing oxidation and phosphorylation and intracellular ATP reserve.In breast cancer,the P2X7 receptors express abnormally,and can activate the MAPK lied in cytoplasm.The phosphorylated MAPK enter the nucleus and activates a series of protein kinases,and then affects the genesis and development of breast cancer.

MicroRNAs are a kind of small endogenous non-protein-coding single-stranded RNA,which are 18 to 25 nucleotides long.They either regulate expression of specific genes through the degradation of mRNA or repress expression of target protein of mRNA postoperation by binding with the 3' untranslated region of targeting mRNAs.It produces important physiological effects on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.The use of experimental biology and bioinformatics methods for research of tumor-associated miRNAs has become research focus.In this paper, the role of miRNAs in the oncogenesis, development, metastasis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer is mainly introduced.

Invasion and migration are distinctive features of the malignant tumors.Studies showed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) , a conversion process with the loss of epithelial cell features and the gain of mesenchymal phenotype has been recog-nized as a key element of invasion and migration of malignancy.When EMT occurs, the downregulation of E-cadherins and the loss of adhesion in extracellular matrix play a critical role which are regarded as important indicators in the assessment of EMT.The latest re-searches indicated that integrin, one of the cell adhesion molecules family, was involved in EMT directly or indirectly through mediating either adhesion among cells, extracellular matrix or signal pathways by activating multiple kinases tyrosine phosphorylation cascade. The relationship between EMT and integrin is summarized in this article.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)is thought to be the most effective tool for recognizing form of vul-nerable plaques and evaluating endothelium coverage after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)so far.OCT can be used to guide stent implantation,evaluate endothelium proliferation status in stent,explore causes for in-stent restenosis and detect stent late malapposition and in-stent thrombosis etc.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of negative pressure vacuum cushion combined with thermoplastic body membrane in radiotherapy for Wilms tumor in children.Methods A total of 42 pediatric patients with Wilms tumor who received radiotherapy after surgery were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into two groups according to the fixation positions:group A and group B.During radiotherapy, the patients in group A were fixed with negative pressure vacuum cushion, and those in group B were fixed by negative pressure vacuum cushion combined with thermoplastic body membrane.The setup errors, short-term effects, adverse reactions, and prognosis were compared between the two groups.ResultsGroup B showed significantly lower translational errors and rotational errors, as well as significantly higher rates of ≤3 mm and ≤5 mm errors, compared with the group A (P=0.04,0.04,0.04,0.03,0.00,0.04,0.04,0.00,0.04).Group B also showed significantly higher complete remission rates and response rates than group A (P=0.02,0.04).There were no significant differences in the adverse reaction rates (P=0.75) and the overall survival (OS) rates at 2 and 3 years (P=0.68,0.74) between the two groups.Group A had the MPTV values in left-right (LR) direction (x-axis), superior-inferior (SI) direction (y-axis), and anterior-posterior (AP) direction (z-axis) being 5.74 mm, 5.93 mm, and 5.94 mm, respectively, and group B had the MPTV values at LR, SI, and AP directions being 4.21 mm, 5.71 mm, and 4.61 mm, respectively.Conclusions In the radiotherapy positioning for Wilms tumor in children, fixation limbs with negative pressure vacuum cushion combined with thermoplastic body membrane effectively reduces the setup errors and improves the effect of radiotherapy, so it holds promise for clinical application.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) have the ability of multi-directional differentiation.In different environments,it can be induced into various blastodermic layer cells,such as osteoblast,chondrocyte and so on.Intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD) is mainly the change of nucleus pulposus cells and extracellular matrix.Nucleus pulposus cell is a chondrocyte-like cell.With the progress of cell bioengineering and molecular biology,the tissue engineering nucleus pulposus cells can be regenerated by BMSCs combined with cell carrier.It can be implanted into intervertebral disc to prevent and reverse IDD.It will be a new way for treating IDD.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common infectious pathogen in children and the main cause of death in children under 5 years of age.It can lead to non-invasive pneumococcal diseases such as sinusitis and otitis media, as well as invasive pneumococcal diseases(IPD) such as meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia.IPD is a serious infectious disease in children, with high morbidity and mortality.However, the incidence of IPD in children varies significantly among different ages, genders and regions.Penicillin used to be the first choice for the treatment of IPD.With the widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice, the problem of drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to increase.The situation of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in China has been very serious, and some data show that the multiple drug resistance rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae is as high as 88.7%.As a result, streptococcus pneumococcal vaccines have emerged as the primary means of reducing the incidence of IPD, in addition, it is effective in reducing the spread of drug-resistant strains.This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, common invasive pneumococcal disease in children, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of IPD in children.

Objective To compare the treatment effects and side events between chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy alone for patients with primary cervical cancer.Methods Totally 197 patients with primary cervical cancer in our hospital from 2000 to 2006 were studied.They were divided into two groups: radiotherapy alone(RT)or cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy(CRT).Group of RT included 100 patients who received external irradiation by ~(60)Co and intracavitary irradiation by ~(192)Ir.Group of CRT included 97 patients who received cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy.The RT regimen was the same as group RT.Results The local control(CR+PR)in two groups had no statistic difference(P=0.500).The total 5 year survival rate in the two groups were 82% and 79%,with no significant difference(P=0.177);however,there was a significant difference for stage Ⅲ squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix,the 5 year survival rate being 56% and 84%,respectively(P

Objective To investigates factors affecting the positive rate of blocking antibody treated by paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).Methods From January 2008 to August 2012,326 RSA cases undergoing treatment in Infertility Center of Qilu Hospital were studied retrospectively.Those patients were divided into 2 groups randomly:260 cases in intradermal injection group were administered via bilateral forearm intradermal injections for immunotherapy once 21 days,then the blocking antibody was determined after 2 (23 cases),3 (73 cases),4 (74 cases),5(90 cases) times respectively,while in subcutaneous injection group,the 66 cases were administered via subcutaneous injection once 21 days,the blocking antibody measured after 3 times; In both cases,the blocking antibody was all determined 2 weeks later.The positive rate of blocking antibodies and the rate of successful pregnancy was recorded,and then followed up after the blocking antibody turning positive.Results (1)Positive rate of blocking antibodies:the positive rate of blocking antibodies were 17％ (4/23),58％ (42/73),72％ (53/74) and 84％ (76/90) in the 2,3,4,and 5 times of intradermal injection group,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).In subcutaneous injection group,the positive rate of blocking antibodies was 38 ％ (25/66),which was significantly lower than that in group intradermal injection receiving 3 times immunotherapy (P ＜0.05).(2) The rate of pregnancy:the 176 patients out of 200 patients were pregnant when antibody was positive after immunotherapy,with 71.6％ (126/176)of patients gained successful pregnancy(the length of pregnancy more than 5 months).Conclusions The route and frequency of administration of immunotherapy could influence the positive rate of blocking antibody.The rate of successful pregnancy will be increased after blocking antibody turning positive.

Objective To determine multiple inorganic anions in drinking water with ion chromatography,such as F~-,Cl~-, NO_2~-,Br~-,HPO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-).Methods The ion chromatography was used.The optimized conditions were explored.Results Under the selected flow rate(1.5 ml/min),the optimal concentration of eluent NaHCO_3 and Na_2CO_3 was 2.0?10~(-3)and 3.0?10~(-3) mmol/L,under the concentration of eluent,the optimum pump flow rate was 1.5 ml/min,the recovery rate was 94.69%-102.20%. Conclusion This method is applicable to the determination of multiple inorganic anions in drinking water.