Objective To explore the metabolic phenotype of the adult offspring rats with maternal severe hyperglycemia during pregnancy and overfeeding in early life. Methods The adult Wistar rats were administered intraperitoneally with 20% Streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg) on day 5 of pregnancy to induce severely gestational diabetes mellitus (SDM) model (blood glucose ≥20 mmol/L). Early postnatal overfeeding models were established through reduction of the number of newborn rats fed by one mother rat. Offsprings were divided into 3 groups according to maternal blood glucose level during the pregnancy and feeding patterns during the lactation period (1) control pups (CP) :maternal euglycemia was achieved during pregnancy and eight pups fed by one mother rat; (2)SDM-normal feeding group: SDM mothers and 8 pups fed by one mother rat;(3)SDM-overfeeding group:SDM mother and 4 pups fed by one mother rat. All pups were fed by standard laboratory chow adlibitum after weaning at 3 weeks of age. The body weight of all pups were measured weekly after weaning. At the age of 26 weeks, the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ,heart rate (HR) and metabolic markers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholestrol (LDL-C)and high density lipoprotein-cholestrol (HDL-C) were measured in all 3 groups. ANOVA and LSD test were applied in statistical analysis. Results The average plasma glucose level was significantly higher in the SDM mothers than in the controls [(28.34±5.14) mmol/L va (6.25±1.41) mmol/L,P＜0.05]. After weaning at 3 weeks, the weight of SDM-overfeeding group and SDM-normal feeding group was lighter than that of CP group [(43.63±4.83) g, (31.45±10.21) g vs (55.75±8.41) g,P＜0. 05], meanwhile, that of the SDM-overfeeding group were heavier than that of the SDM-normal feeding group (P＜0. 05). Pups in SDM-overfeeding group exhibited catch-up growth during the lactation period, and those in SDM-normal group showed catch-up growth at both lactation period and childhood. At 26 weeks of age, the systolic blood pressure and TG level of pups in SDM-normal feeding and overfeeding group were (153.31 ± 13.91) mm Hg and (147.21 ± 12.29) mm Hg, and (0. 73±0. 22) mmol/L and (0. 71±0.49) mmol/L, respectively, which were higher than those of the CP group [( 132.21 ± 11.26) mm Hg, and (0. 37 ± 0. 08) mmol/L, P＜0.05], but no significant difference was found between the two SDM groups (P＞0.05). There was no difference in FPG levels among the three groups, but the FINS level and HOMA-IR in the SDM-overfeeding group were higher than in the SDM normal feeding and CP group [( 12. 552 ± 3.260) mU/L vs (9.067 ± 1.782) mU/L and (8.590± 0.806) mU/L, 2.400± 0.624 vs 1.797 ± 0.508 and 1.729 ± 0.246; P＜0.05].Conclusions Fetal exposure to maternal severe hyperglycemia during pregnancy may lead to low birth weight infant who will exhibit postnatal catch-up growth. This may lead to the increased risk of metabolic syndrome in the offspings when they grow up, and this process would be accelerated by early overfeeding.

Objective:To evaluate the subjective feeling and the objective chewing effect of the patients with the prosthesis made for upper jaw defect by altered cast impression technique.Methods:A self-control experiment was conducted for 30 patients with the pros-thesis made for upper jaw defect by specific tray impression technique and altered cast impression technique respectively.As soon as the impression was finished,the patients were required to finish 2 questionnaires,one was about their self-comfortable sensation and the other one was the STAI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory)about their feeling of anxiety.Then the chewing-effect was tested.Data were analysed by SPSS 20.0 software (T-test and Rank-sum test).Results:Most prosthesis made by altered cast impression technique showed increased masticatory function(P <0.05).The subjective-felling evaluation indicated that the altered cast impression technique was more comfortable but there was no difference between the 2 methods in the whole course of the impression(P =0.051).STAI score showed that the patients suffered lower anxiety with altered cast impression.Conclusion:The altered cast impression technique can en-hance masticatory efficiency and increase the satisfaction of patients for preparation of the posthesis for upper jaw defect.

BACKGROUND:Hard palate mucosa serves as a main donor material in periodontal plastic surgery and its thickness is crucial for the surgical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the thickness of hard palate mucosa in Han population, and analyze the consistency between cone-beam CT image analysis and trans-gingival probing method. METHODS: A total of 30 Han volunteers (300 teeth) were recruited, and the thickness of hard palate mucosa was measured using cone-beam CT image analysis or trans-gingival probing method, to analyze their consistency. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The two methods showed a higher consistency in the thickness of hard palate mucosa at the cuspid, first and second premolars as well as first and second molars. The thickness of the hard palate mucosa related to the distance from the gingival margin and tooth position, the thickness from the canine region to the second premolar region thickening gradually, and became the thickest at the second molar, and the thinnest at the cuspid. This study for the first time analyzed the thickness of hard palate mucosa in Chinese Han population, and confirmed there is a high consistency between cone-beam CT image analysis and trans-gingival probing method.

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetics of escitalopram oxalate tablets in human body.METHODS:Es-citalopram oxalate tablets were administered orally at a single dose of30mg to10healthy subjects respectively,the plasma concentration of escitalopram oxalate was determined by HPLC method,the pharmacokinetic parameter was fitted with3p97software.RESULTS:The concentration-time curve of escitalopram oxalate tablets was in line with the two-compartment model,the main pharmacokinetics parameters of escitalopram oxalate were as follows,the C max was(42.73?10.19)?g?L,t max was(2.90?0.32)h,t 1/2 was(35.34?7.78)h,AUC 0～132 was(1241.5?194.3)(?g?h)/L and the AUC 0～∞ was(1327.5?210.5)(?g?h)/L.CONCLUSION:The study on pharmacokinetics can be used as a reference in the clinical medication.

Objective To investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antagonists on liver function and reactivation of hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) in patients with inflammatory arthropathy with concurrent chronic HBV infection.Methods Patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who were grouped according to serum HBV biomarkers were treated with TNF-α antagonist.The liver function and reactivation of HBV were monitored before and after anti-TNF-α therapy.Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks of continuous variables and x2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables among 3 or more groups.Results Fifty patients were enrolled with 3 to 23 months of follow-up visit.The level of transaminases in chronic HBV infection group [n=11,AST (36±18) U/L,ALT (44±46) U/L] were significantly higher than that in past HBV exposure group [n=16,AST (22±6) U/L,ALT (17±9) U/L] or free of HBV infection group [n=23,AST (19±6) U/L,ALT (15±9) U/L](AST:x2=11.161,P＜0.01,ALT:x2=8.038,P＜0.01).One patient with elevated baseline HBV-DNA load was treated concomitantly with lamivudine and anti-TNF-α therapy,and the HBV-DNA load reduced about to normal 4 months later.Among the other 10 patients with normal baseline HBV-DNA load in chronic HBV infection group,one patient showed reactivation of HBV with elevated transaminases after anti-TNF-α therapy; another patient had only elevated transaminases without reactivation of HBV,and the transaminases returned to normal after withdrawal of antiTNF-α therapy,which suggested drug-induced liver injury.All patients in both past HBV exposure group and free of HBV infection group remained HBsAg negative after the therapy.Conclusion Patients with inflammatory arthropathy should be screened for HBV infection and check liver function before anti-TNF-α therapy,and carefully monitor the reactivation of HBV and liver function during treatment.Patients with concurrent chronic HBV infection should be treated conco-mitantly with anti-virus and anti-TNF-α therapy if they have elevated baseline HBV-DNA load (＞105 copies/ml,in particular) and good economic situation.

Objective In order to reduce the toxicity and still maintain the bioactivity of the medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii(TW),the whole plant biotransfomed method was employed.By observing the pharmacological activities and the toxicity of MeOH extracts from the root of T.wilfordii that were biotransformed by the fungi Aspergillums spp.and Rhizopus spp.,the best biotransformed fungi strain has been selected based on the experimental data.Methods Applying the models of acute and chronic inflammation, the weight of immune organ and cell immunity were used to study the pharmacological activities,and ip injection to observe the acute toxicity.Results The anti-inflammation and immunosuppression have been increased slightly and the toxicity decreased significantly after being biotransformed by Aspergillus spp.(TW1),while the anti-inflammation,immunosuppression,and the toxicity have been declined after being biotransformed by Rhizopus spp.(TW2).Conclusion Although both selected fungi could change the pharmacological activities and toxicity of the T.wilfordii,Aspergillus spp.is better than Rhizopus spp.

Objective To investigate the drainage volume and nursing method of lifted tube drainage and continuous negative pressure drainage after lower lumbar surgery.Methods A total of 248 consecutive patients undergoing the first or second lumbar spine surgery from January 2008 to July 2013 were prospectively randomly divided into two groups.116 patients in the experimental group (group A) took the lifted tube drainage and 132 patients in the control group (group B) took the normal continuous negative pressure drainage protocol after surgery.The total drainage volume,pre-and post-operative hemoglobin,post-operative temperature,complications and JOA score in the two groups were compared.Results The average drainage volume after single or two segment surgery were (97.0 ± 34.2)ml and (108.5 ± 32.7)ml in group A.The average drainage volume after single or two segment lower lumbar surgery were (393.4 ± 143.5) ml and (448.2 ± 169.6) ml in group B,the difference was statistically significant (t =14.43,17.55,respectively;P ＜ 0.01).There was no significant difference in drainage volume in single or two segment in group A and B (P ＞ 0.05).The post-operative hemoglobin level was (121.7 ± 13.4) and (117.8 ± 12.5) g/L in group A and B respectively,the difference was statistically significant (t =2.38,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Based on the findings in this study,lifting the drainage tube to an appropriate height is a simple and safe way to reduce postoperative drainage volume in lower lumbar spine surgery which is worthy of further investigations.

Objective To investigate the effect of surgical treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) with different surgical ages.Methods From January 2014 to December 2017,105 neonates with NEC in our hospital were divided into early operation group (operation age ＜ 7 days,n =47) and late operation group (7 ＜ operation age ＜ 28 days,n =58).The general data,surgical indications,intraoperative conditions,surgical methods,postoperative complications,and postoperative survival rates were compared between the two groups.Results Among the 105 neonates with NEC,74 were male and 31 were female.The average birth weight was (2 398 ± 927)g,and the average gestational age was (35 ± 4)weeks.Compared with the early operation group,the late operation group had lighter birth weight,smaller gestational age and higher rate of respiratory failure (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of surgical indications (diffuse peritonitis,pneumoperitoneum,and medical treatment ineffective) (P ＞ 0.05).The necrosis rate of small intestine in the late operation group was higher than that in the early operation group,but the necrosis rate of small intestine and colon was lower than that in the early operation group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the proportions of the two groups in the surgical methods (enterostomy,intestinal resection and anastomosis and enterostom,exploratory laparotomy,abdominal drainage,and intestinal resection and anastomosis) (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of intestinal stenosis in early operation group was higher than that in late operation group (P ＜ 0.05).The survival rate of early operation group was 78.7％,while that of late operation group was 63.8％,with no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The patients with NEC who were operated within 1 week after birth are more common in term infants and with colon necrosis,and are more likely to occur intestinal stenosis after surgery.The patients with NEC who were operated after 1 week of birth are more common in prematures and low-birth-weight patients,and are often associated with respiratory failure.Pneumoperitoneum and diffuse peritonitis are common surgical indications for NEC.Enterostomy is the major surgical method.Choosing the right timing and surgical method can improve the prognosis of patients with NEC.

Objective To summarize the pathology of congenital intestinal atresia,the incidence and prenatal diagnosis rate of different types,and to analyze the location and type of intestinal atresia as well as the factors that affect the mortality of various types of intestinal atresia.Method We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 147 children with congenital intestinal atresia from January 2013 to March 2016,including gender,gestational age,parity,prenatal diagnosis or not,delivery methods,hospital admission,surgical methods,findings during surgery,combined malformations,complications and prognosis.They were analyzed statistically.Result A total of 147 cases,including 69 males and 78 females were enrolled.There were 40 premature infants and 107 full term cases.Twins were found in 3 cases.Hospital admission age range from 1 hour to 62 days;admission weight range from 1 480 g to 4 200 g;32 cases were diagnosed before birth.2 cases were abandoned before surgery because of trisomy 21.Postoperatively,the occlusion sites was confirmed as following:67 cases (46.2％) in ileum,43 cases (29.7％) in jejunum,26 cases (17.9％) in duodenum,and 9 cases (6.2％) in colon.The pathological types were as following:type Ⅰ 42 cases (29.0％),type Ⅱ 8 cases (5.5％),type Ⅲa 65 cases (44.8％),type Ⅲb 15 cases (10.3％) and type Ⅳ 15 cases (10.3％).22 cases (14.9％) were died because of refusal of treatment:7 cases were due to short bowel syndrome and meconium peritonitis,6 cases were due to postoperative chronic pseudo-obstruction,and 5 cases had anastomotic leakage requiring reoperation.1 case had postoperative enterocolitis and gave up treatment,1 case had anastomotic leak and sever systemic post-surgery infection and gave up further treatment,and 2 cases gave up because of 21-trisomy syndrome.Conclusion The operation plan of intestinal atresia should be based on the location and type of the blockade;the location and complications of the blockade (pseudo-obstruction,short bowel syndrome,and anastomotic leakage) are important factors affecting the treatment and prognosis.

The widespread application of next generation sequencing (NGS) in clinical settings has enabled testing, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of genetic diseases. However, many issues have arisen in the meanwhile. One of the most pressing issues is the lack of standards for reporting genetic test results across different service providers. The First Forum on Standards and Specifications for Clinical Genetic Testing was held to address the issue in Shenzhen, China, on October 28, 2017. Participants, including geneticists, clinicians, and representatives of genetic testing service providers, discussed problems of clinical genetic testing services across in China and shared opinions on principles, challenges, and standards for reporting clinical genetic test results. Here we summarize expert opinions presented at the seminar and report the consensus, which will serve as a basis for the development of standards and guidelines for reporting of clinical genetic testing results, in order to promote the standardization and regulation of genetic testing services in China.