A pericardial recess is frequently seen in patients undergoing chest computed tomography (CT). It is important to be aware of the normal anatomy of the pericardium as it is often mistaken for normal variants and/or disease. Therefore, we will describe the anatomy and location of the pericardial recess and the specific findings in various diseases associated with the pericardial recess.

Various biomaterial-based, 3D architectures with micron-scaled geometries have been investigated for periodontal tissue neogenesis, and appropriate fabrication techniques for the scaffold manufacturing have been developed for pre-clinical or clinical situations. Periodontal tissues, the periodontal ligaments (PDLs), which are fibrous connective tissues between alveolar bone and cementum has been known as the major component that would generate biomechanical responses against mastication and occlusion. In particular, the angulations or orientations of PDL are critically important to transmit external stimuli and provide biomechanical adaptations for tooth-supporting functions. However, many studies still have demonstrated that optimal-biomechanical stimulations could re-make the configurations and orientations of PDL bundles with the low predictability in pre-clinical and clinical models. Here, we discussed the advanced technologies and geometric specifications for engineered PDL-guiding approaches spatiotemporally as 3D platforms.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify differences in drinking norms, heavy drinking, and motives between types of drinkers (abstainers, solitary, and social drinkers) in a representative sample of Korean adults. Methods: An online survey of people registered on the electoral roll were randomly invited to be part of the “National Korean Drinking Culture Study” conducted in 2018 (n = 3,015). Participants included 1,532 men and 1,469 women aged 19-60 years. Questions included the number of times they drank in the last month, what they drank, and the volume drank. The amount of pure alcohol consumed was calculated.Drinking norms, motives, and types were determined in the survey questions. Results: Solitary drinkers were more likely to be divorced or separated, less educated, and marginally employed. Solitary drinking peaked in those in their 30s (18.5%) and social drinkers in their 50s (68.1%).Solitary drinkers drank more frequently compared with social drinkers (6.1 vs. 3.6 times per month, p < 0.001), and consumed a significantly larger quantity of alcohol (69.5 g vs. 46.8 g per week). Solitary drinkers were more accepting of drinking-related behaviors in diverse situations compared with social drinkers. The regression analysis revealed that personal drinking motives were the most important factor influencing the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption in both solitary and social drinking. Conclusion Solitary drinkers may be more vulnerable to alcohol abuse than social drinkers.

In children and adolescents, inguinal and scrotal diseases are relatively common, and imaging is very useful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand the imaging findings of these diseases. In this article, we classify these diseases into small testes, cryptorchidism, patent processus vaginalis, acute scrotum pain, trauma, testicular tumors, and others and describe their characteristic findings.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify differences in drinking norms, heavy drinking, and motives between types of drinkers (abstainers, solitary, and social drinkers) in a representative sample of Korean adults. Methods: An online survey of people registered on the electoral roll were randomly invited to be part of the “National Korean Drinking Culture Study” conducted in 2018 (n = 3,015). Participants included 1,532 men and 1,469 women aged 19-60 years. Questions included the number of times they drank in the last month, what they drank, and the volume drank. The amount of pure alcohol consumed was calculated.Drinking norms, motives, and types were determined in the survey questions. Results: Solitary drinkers were more likely to be divorced or separated, less educated, and marginally employed. Solitary drinking peaked in those in their 30s (18.5%) and social drinkers in their 50s (68.1%).Solitary drinkers drank more frequently compared with social drinkers (6.1 vs. 3.6 times per month, p < 0.001), and consumed a significantly larger quantity of alcohol (69.5 g vs. 46.8 g per week). Solitary drinkers were more accepting of drinking-related behaviors in diverse situations compared with social drinkers. The regression analysis revealed that personal drinking motives were the most important factor influencing the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption in both solitary and social drinking. Conclusion Solitary drinkers may be more vulnerable to alcohol abuse than social drinkers.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify levels of health literacy and examine the effects of health literacy and self-care activities on quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cross sectional design was used. Questionnaires were administered via the Gallup to 500 Korean patients with diabetes in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t tests, one way ANOVA, and hierarchical regression. Results: Of 500 patients, 12.4% (n=62) indicated ‘inadequate’ health literacy, and 43.8% (n=219) reported ‘marginal’ or ‘adequate’ health literacy. Levels of health literacy significantly differed by demographic characteristics, self-care activities, and quality of life. The factors that had a significant effect on quality of life included inadequate health literacy (B=3.63, p=.042) and marginal health literacy (B=3.84, p=.002); however, no significant relationship was found for self-care activities (B=0.01, p=.827). Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate a need for further research with large samples using Korean Health Literacy Scale for Diabetes Mellitus to establish the relationships between health literacy, diabetes self-care activities, and quality of life.

The cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) complexed with cyclic AMP (CRP.cAMP) regulates expression of many genes by binding to sites at or near many promoters of Escherichia coli. The regulatory effect of CRP.cAMP was studied by in vitro transcription assay with lacUV5 promoter derivatives that have the CRP binding site at different locations (-56 to -69 from the transcription start site of lacUV5 promoter) upstream of the promoter. The CRP binding site itself influenced differently on the promoter activity depending on the distances from the promoter. Depending on the helix phasing of the CRP.cAMP relative to RNA polymerase CRP.cAMP activated, repressed or had no effect on the promoter. These results imply that a regulator is not a dedicated protein for repression or activation but that any regulator may have a potential of dual functionalities when it is under appropriate condition.
Binding Sites ; Cyclic AMP ; Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases ; Escherichia coli* ; Escherichia* ; Repression, Psychology ; Transcription Initiation Site

In addition to T cell-dependent (TD) Ab responses, T cells can also regulate T cell-independent (TI) B cell responses in the absence of a specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and antigenic peptide-based interaction between T and B cells. The elucidation of T cells capable of supporting TI Ab responses is important for understanding the cellular mechanism of different types of TI Ab responses. Natural killer T (NKT) cells represent 1 type of helper T cells involved in TI Ab responses and more candidate helper T cells responsible for TI Ab responses may also include γδ T cells and recently reported B-1 helper CD4⁺ T cells. Marginal zone (MZ) B and B-1 cells, 2 major innate-like B cell subsets considered to function independently of T cells, interact with innate-like T cells. Whereas MZ B and NKT cells interact mutually for a rapid response to blood-borne infection, peritoneal memory phenotype CD49d(high)CD4⁺ T cells support natural Ab secretion by B-1 cells. Here the role of innate-like T cells in the so-called TI Ab response is discussed. To accommodate the involvement of T cells in the TI Ab responses, we suggest an expanded classification of TD Ab responses that incorporate cognate and non-cognate B cell help by innate-like T cells.
Antibody Formation* ; Antigen-Antibody Reactions ; B-Lymphocyte Subsets ; B-Lymphocytes ; Classification ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Memory ; Natural Killer T-Cells ; Phenotype ; T-Lymphocytes* ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer

Digital technologies have emerged in various dimensions of human life, ranging from education to professional services to wellbeing. In particular, health products and services have expanded by the use and development of artificial intelligence, mobile health applications, and wearable electronic devices. Such advancements have enabled accurate and updated tracking and modeling of health conditions. For instance, digital health technologies are capable of measuring environmental pollution and predicting its adverse health effects. Several health conditions, including chronic airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, can be exacerbated by pollution. These diseases impose substantial health burdens with high morbidity and mortality. Recently, efforts have been made to develop digital technologies to alleviate such conditions. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has facilitated the application of telemedicine and telemonitoring for patients with chronic airway diseases. This article reviews current trends and studies in digital technology utilization for investigating and managing environmental exposure and chronic airway diseases. First, we discussed the recent progression of digital technologies in general environmental healthcare. Then, we summarized the capacity of digital technologies in predicting exacerbation and self-management of airway diseases. Concluding these reviews, we provided suggestions to improve digital health technologies’ abilities to reduce the adverse effects of environmental exposure in chronic airway diseases, based on personal exposure-response modeling.

Purpose: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an intractable disease for which various treatments have been attempted, but with little effect.This study aimed to measure the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which are currently being used to treat brain tumors, as well as sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT), which is the combination of these two. Materials and Methods: Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with C6 glioma cells in a cortical region and treated with PDT, SDT, and SPDT. Gd-MRI was monitored weekly and 18F-FDG-PET the day before and 1 week after the treatment. The acoustic power used during sonication was 5.5 W/cm2 using a 0.5-MHz single-element transducer. The 633-nm laser was illuminated at 100 J/cm2 . Oxidative stress and apoptosis markers were evaluated 3 days after treatment using immunohistochemistry (IHC): 4-HNE, 8-OhdG, and Caspase-3. Results: A decrease in tumor volume was observed in MRI imaging 12 days after the treatment in the PDT group (p<0.05), but the SDT group showed a slight increase compared to the 5-Ala group. The high expression rates of reactive oxygen species-related factors, such as 8-OhdG (p<0.001) and Caspase-3 (p<0.001), were observed in the SPDT group compared to other groups in IHC. Conclusion Our findings show that light with sensitizers can inhibit GBM growth, but not ultrasound. Although SPDT did not show the combined effect in MRI, high oxidative stress was observed in IHC. Further studies are needed to investigate the safety parameters to apply ultrasound in GBM.