Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is intricately linked to the most severe clinical manifestations of brain damage. It encompasses dynamic pathological mechanisms, including hemodynamic disorders, excitotoxic injury, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and neuronal death. This review provides a comprehensive analysis and summary of biomaterial-based tissue engineering scaffolds and nano-drug delivery systems. As an example of functionalized biomaterials, nano-drug delivery systems alter the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. They provide multiple targeting strategies relying on factors such as morphology and scale, magnetic fields, pH, photosensitivity, and enzymes to facilitate the transport of therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier and to promote selective accumulation at the injury site. Furthermore, therapeutic agents can be incorporated into bioscaffolds to interact with the biochemical and biophysical environment of the brain. Bioscaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix environment, regulate cellular interactions, and increase the effectiveness of local treatments following surgical interventions. Additionally, stem cell-based and exosome-dominated extracellular vesicle carriers exhibit high bioreactivity and low immunogenicity and can be used to design therapeutic agents with high bioactivity. This review also examines the utilization of endogenous bioactive materials in the treatment of TBI.

Lignans are a powerful weapon for plants to resist stresses and have diverse bioactive functions to protect human health. Elucidating the mechanisms of stereoselective biosynthesis and response to stresses of lignans is important for the guidance of plant improvement. Here, we identified the complete pathway to stereoselectively synthesize antiviral (-)-lariciresinol glucosides in Isatis indigotica roots, which consists of three-step sequential stereoselective enzymes DIR1/2, PLR, and UGT71B2. DIR1 was further identified as the key gene in respoJanuary 2024nse to stresses and was able to trigger stress defenses by mediating the elevation in lignan content. Mechanistically, the phytohormone-responsive ERF transcription factor LTF1 colocalized with DIR1 in the cell periphery of the vascular regions in mature roots and helped resist biotic and abiotic stresses by directly regulating the expression of DIR1. These systematic results suggest that DIR1 as the first common step of the lignan pathway cooperates with PLR and UGT71B2 to stereoselectively synthesize (-)-lariciresinol derived antiviral lignans in I. indigotica roots and is also a part of the LTF1-mediated regulatory network to resist stresses. In conclusion, the LTF1-DIR1 module is an ideal engineering target to improve plant Defenses while increasing the content of valuable lignans in plants.

AIM: To predict the core targets and related signaling pathways of Yi-xin-yin oral liquid for the treatment of arrhythmia, heart failure and myocarditis based on UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS, network pharmacology, molecular docking methods, cell experiments, according to the“homotherapy for heteropathy”theory in traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS: UHPLC-Q-TOF / MS was used to analyze and identify the chemical composition of Yi-xin-yin oral liquid Extract and the blood-absorbing components of rats oral administrated with Yi-xin-yin oral liquid extract, which compounds were applied in the databases searching for the potential targets (TCMSP, SwissTargetPrediction) and disease targets (OMIM, Genecard). Venn diagram was used for target intersection, and the subsequent protein-protein interaction network obtained core targets by STRING11.5 database, and then construct a "disease-component-target" network by cytoscape3.9.0. Finally, DAVID database was used to analysis GO function and KEGG enrichment analysis of core targets, and molecular docking validation was performed using Autodock vina software. And, validated with H9c2 cells for potential active ingredients and targets. RESULTS: A total of 156 compounds were identified from Yi - xin-yin Oral Liquid extract; 34 compounds were identified from rat serum, including 6-gin-gerol, isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and other compounds, and 139 intersecting targets were obtained. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis mainly involved the TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and so on. The TNF and IL-6 targets were selected for molecular docking with the main compounds, and the docking results were good (less than -5 kcal/mol). In vitro cellular experiments have shown that Yi-xin-yin oral liquid can exert therapeutic effects by regulating TNF and IL-6. CONCLUSION: The main potential active ingredients of Yi-xin-yin oral liquid may be isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhetinic acid, calycosin-7-glucoside, salvianolic acid B, and 6-gingerol, which mainly act on TNF, IL-6 and other targets to regulate specific signaling pathways and exert therapeutic effects.

Peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS), a new entity in pachychoroid disease spectrum, is characterized by the thickening of the choroid in the peripapillary area.PPS is more likely to occur in middle-aged and older males, and some of the affected eyes are hyperopic and have short axial lengths.The diagnosis and differentiation of PPS depends mainly on the imaging characteristics.Optical coherence tomography shows that dilated Haller layer vessels are located in the nasal macula and associated with intraretinal fluid in the corresponding locations.Indocyanine green angiography shows dilated large choroidal vessels and choroidal hyperpermeability in the nasal maculal and peripapillary region.PPS should be differentiated from uveal effusion syndrome, central serous chorioretinopathy, and pachychoroid neovascularization.Photodynamic therapy may improve retinal effusion in patients with PPS.At present, the research on PPS is insufficient.It is still controversial whether PPS can be considered as a separate entity.The effectiveness of treatment needs more prospective studies.Further research is needed to provide new insights into the definition, diagnosis, treatment and pathogenesis of PPS.

Subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) is a morphologic feature seen on optical coherence tomography as hyperreflective material outside the retina and within the retinal pigment epithelium.SHRM is common in untreated neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and often persists after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.It is also seen in central serous chorioretinopathy, uveitis, myopic choroidal neovascularization, myopic macular degeneration, Best disease, retinal malnutrition, Erdheim-Chester disease and so on.SHRM is closely associated with loss of the ellipsoid zone, scarring, disruption of outer limiting membrane, macular atrophy and outer retinal tubulations, and is significantly associated with visual impairment.Some SHRM was regression after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.The prognosis and responses to treatment of SHRM may vary depending on its components and characteristics.Identifying the morphologic characteristics and functional consequences of SHRM in nAMD may deepen the clinical understanding of SHRM.

Papilledema is due to the increase of intracranial pressure, which leads to the disorder of axoplasmic flow of nerve fibers, optic disc edema and elevation.Pseudopapilledema is mostly due to congenital morphological abnormality of the optic disc, such as optic disc drusen, optic disc tilt and so on.Fundus photography shows unclear optic disc boundaries.It is difficult to distinguish papilledema from pseudopapilledema.Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) provides a noninvasive and easy imaging method to obtain high-resolution images that can improve diagnostic accuracy through quantitative indexes such as peripheral nerve fiber layer thickness, optic disc volume and total retinal thickness, or qualitative index such as shape and displacement around the optic disc, retinal fold, and so on.This paper mainly discusses the application value of SD-OCT in differentiating papilledema from pseudopapilledema.

Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2

Humans ; Consensus ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy* ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/therapy*

Objective To analyze the research status and predict the development trend of clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs in China, and to provide reference for clinical comprehensive evaluation. Methods CNKI, Wanfang and VIP database were used to search the published articles of clinical comprehensive evaluation. Literature searching was set from the building time of the database to 2022, the basic information about the published articles was obtained for the evaluation of the literature quality. Bibliometrics and CiteSpace 6.1.R3 software were used to visualize the research authors, research institutions, and key words. Results After data screening, a total of 126 Chinese published articles were selected. The analysis showed that the numbers of published articles were rising continuously, and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Xie Yanming were the institute and the author with the maximum number of literatures, respectively. Conclusion The clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs was conducted based on the clinical value of drugs, guided by the policy requirements. It is suggested that researchers should conduct the comprehensive evaluation according to the focus and requirements of government agencies, the pharmaceutical industry and the clinical applications.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disease of complex etiology and pathogenesis, which can cause a variety of ocular manifestations and even threaten vision.Glucocorticoids are often used as the first-line treatment in the clinic, but some patients become resistant to them.The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a key role in the development of TAO.Teprotumumab is an anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody that can specifically bind to the IGF-1R and block its binding to the α-subunit of IGF-1 to exert biological effects.Clinical trials have shown that teprotumumab has good efficacy in reducing proptosis (decrease≥2 mm) and inflammatory activity (CAS decrease≥2 points) of active moderate-to-severe TAO.Most side effects are mild or moderate.Hyperglycemia is currently an identifiable adverse event associated with teprotumumab that can be controlled with medication.Pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease are contraindications for teprotumumab due to its teratogenicity to the fetus and its ability to severely exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease.The US FDA has officially approved teprotumumab for the treatment of active moderate-to-severe TAO in January 2020.This article reviews the progress of clinical trials on the mechanism, efficacy and safety of teprotumumab in the treatment of TAO.