This article aims to study the factors affecting the flexibility of the tip of an epidural anesthesia catheter. The flexibility of the tip of the epidural anesthesia catheter was tested with a softness tester from four aspects:raw materials, tip structure, tip processing technology, and the outer diameter of the catheter. Highly flexible and malleable polymer material with a smooth tip, the tip softening process and the proper outer diameter can effectively improve the tip flexibility of the epidural anesthesia catheter.
Anesthesia, Epidural ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Epidural Space

In recent years, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistent infection mouse model with recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 carrying 1.3 copies of HBV genome (rAAV8-1.3HBV) is concerned. We studied and compared the efficacy among HBV persistent infection mice models by other serotypes except AAV8. First, we prepared and purified five viruses: rAAV1-1.3HBV, rAAV2-1.3HBV, rAAV5-1.3HBV, rAAV8-1.3HBV and rAAV9-1.3HBV. Then we injected each virus into 3 C57BL/6J mice with the dose of lx 1011 vg (Viral genome, vg) per mouse. We detected HBsAg and HBeAg in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at different time points post injection. We killed mice 8 weeks post injection and took blood and livers for assay. We detected copies of HBV DNA by real-time quantitative PCR in sera and livers. Meantime, we detected HBcAg in the livers of mice by immunohistochemistry and further performed pathology analysis of these livers. The five groups of mice, HBeAg and HBsAg expression sustained 8 weeks in serological detection and HBV DNA was both detected in sera and livers at the time of 8 weeks post injection. HBeAg, HBsAg, HBV DNA copies expression levels in descending order were AAV8>AAV9>AAV1>AAV5>AAV2. HBcAg expression was detected in livers as well. Varied degrees of liver damage were shown in five groups of mice. This study provides more alternative AAV vector species to establish a persistent infection with hepatitis B model.
Animals ; Dependovirus ; classification ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Genetic Vectors ; Genome, Viral ; Hepatitis B ; virology ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens ; metabolism ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Serogroup ; Virus Replication

Objective To develop a liquid chromatography technique coupled with tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)for simultaneous determination of four active catechins EGCC,ECG,EGC,and EC of tea polyphenols(TP)in rat plasma in order to further study its multi-component pharmacokinetics.Methods Following a single step liquid-liquid extraction of plasma samples with ethyl acetate,the four catechins were separated on a Hypersil ODS C18 column using an isocratic mobile phase composed of methanol-water(30:70).The detection using a mass spectrometer was performed under negative ESI in the MRM mode.The analytes were identified by reference to both MRM and tR values and quantified using peak area internal standard method.Results The method was shown to be specific without interference from matrix,metabolites,and impurities present in TP raw material and to be sensitive with LOD and LOQ of 1.5 and 10 ng/mL(EGCG)as well as 0.75 and 5 ng/mL(ECG,EGC,and EC).A good linearity was obtained over a wide range of 10-10000 ng/mL for EGCG and 5-5000 ng/mL for other three catechins(r > 0.996).The method was validated to be reproducible and reliable,as evidenced by intra-batch and inter-batch precision of less than 10% and 11%,accuracy of 97.13%-106.05% and 99.22%-103.14%,respectively.The recovery of extraction ranged from 72.74% to89.13%,matrix effect from 88.76% to 105.97% for four cateckins.The method was successfully used to study the pharmacokinetics of TP iv administered to rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg.Conclusion This method is shown to completely meet requirements for the multi-component pharmacokinetic study of TP in rats.

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with auricular acupoint sticking (AAS) for treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE).

METHODSTwo hundred and fifty cases of PNE patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 125 cases in each group. Two groups were treated on basis of the routine treatment, the observation group was treated with TEAS at Zhongji (CV 3), Qihai (CV 6) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) etc. combined with AAS at Xin (heart), Shen (kidney), and Jiaogan (sympathytic) etc., once each day, 15 days constituting one course, an interval of 5 days between two courses, the therapeutic effect was evaluated after 3 courses of continuous treatment. The control group was treated with oral administration of Desmopressin Acetate (DA) and Meclofenoxate, the therapeutic effect was evaluated after 2 months of continuous treatment.

RESULTSThe total effective rate of 96.8% (121/125) in observation group was superior to that of 90.4% (113/125) in control group (P < 0.05), the observation group was superior to control group in reducing the times of nocturia and enuresis, onset time and duration of effect (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTEAS combined with AAS can reduce the times of nocturia and enuresis of PNE children, with significant therapeutic effect, taking quick effect and keeping long effect duration.

Acupuncture, Ear ; methods ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Electroacupuncture ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nocturnal Enuresis ; therapy

ObjectiveTo explore the association between social support， parent-child relationships， and depression， anxiety， and loneliness among adolescents， in order to provide a reference for improving mental health in youth. MethodsA total of 11，596 middle school students from two districts of Shanghai were investigated with the stratified random cluster sampling method. The Chinese version of Patient Health Questionnaire （PHQ-2-C）， Generalized Anxiety Disorder （GAD-7）， UCLA Loneliness Scale （ULS-6）， Perceived Social Support Scale and Parent-child Cohesion Questionnaire were used in the survey. Statistical inferences were made using t-test， ANOVA， and logistic regression analysis. ResultsGirls， non-graduates， students ranking in the top 25%， adolescents living with parents and with higher socioeconomic status had higher scores of social support and parent-child cohesion than boys， graduates， students ranking in the middle or in the bottom 25%， adolescents not living with parents and with lower socioeconomic status （P<0.05）. Adolescents' parent-child cohesion and social support were negatively correlated with all kinds of emotions. Parent-child cohesion was an associated factor of depression （OR=0.93， 95%CI：0.91‒0.94）， loneliness （OR=0.94， 95%CI：0.94‒0.95） and anxiety （OR_mild=0.98， 95%CI： 0.98‒0.99； OR_{moderate or severe}=0.96， 95%CI： 0.95‒0.98）， but there were differences in the correlation between emotions and social support in different dimensions. ConclusionSocial support and parent-child relationship are significantly associated with depression， anxiety and loneliness in adolescent students. Paying more attention to youth with different characteristics， taking targeted measures to improve the level of social support and establishing a good family relationship are conducive to promoting the mental health of adolescents.

This article systematically elaborates on the origin and development of natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) in the treatment of colorectal tumors. By analyzing several retrospective studies, we summarize the scientific basis, feasibility, and clinical advantages of applying NOSES in the treatment of colorectal tumors. Additionally, the article points out certain limitations in terms of operational techniques and the selection of indications for NOSES, which require continuous optimization and improvement. Advancements in technology have enabled NOSES to become increasingly integrated with new technologies. Accordingly, its application prospects in colorectal surgery and across multiple disciplines are broadened.

OBJECTIVE：To establish pre -column derivatization-HPLC fingerprint of Polyporus polysaccharide ，and to determine the contents of main monosaccharide components ，so as to provide reference for quality evaluation of Polyporus umbellatus. METHODS ：Polyporus polysaccharide was extracted with boiling water and precipitated by ethanol and deproteinized by Sevage from 11 batches of P. umbellatus from different producing areas. The samples were firstly hydrolyzed with trifluoro-acetic acid （TFA）and then derivatized by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone（PMP）. HPLC analysis was then conducted. The determination was carried out on HypersiL BDS C 18 column with mobile phase composed of 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer （pH 6.84）-acetonitrile（84∶16，V/V）by gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm， and column temperature was 30 ℃. The sample size was 20 µL. The similarity of 11 batches of Polyporus polysaccharide was evaluated by using TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012A edition ），and the contents of main monosassharide components were detected. The peak was identified by comparing with the reference substance ，and cluster analysis was performed by using SPSS 23.0 software. RESULTS ：In HPLC fingerprints of the 11 batches of samples ，3 common peaks were identified ，namely mannose ，glucose and galactose. The similarity of all samples was above 0.94. Cluster analysis classified 11 batches of samples into three categories. S 1-S6，and S 8 were grouped into category 1；S7，S10 and S 11 were grouped into category 2；S9 was individually grouped into one category. Results of content determination showed that the contents of mannose ranged from 1.571 to 8.771 mg/g；those of glucose ranged from 26.072 to 132.194 mg/g，and those of galactose ranged from 3.420 to 36.593 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS ：Established pre-column derivatization HPLC fingerprints can provide reference for quality evaluation of P. umbellatus . The monosaccharide composition of different batches of Polyporus polysaccharide is the same ；there is no significant correlation between fingerprint characteristic peak and the origin of herbs ；there is significant difference in the content of monosaccharide of P. umbellatus .