Objective:To investigate the mRNA and protein expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling in human villa and decidua of first trimester gestation.Methods:We first obtained villous tissues and decidual tissues from 38 women who had undergone selective termination at 7-9 weeks of normal gestation.The transcripts of SOCS1,SOCS2,SOCS3 in villous tissues and decidual tissues were detected by using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.The mRNA of SOCS1,SOCS2,SOCS3 from cultured trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells were detected.Also the protein expression of 35 pregnant women were detected by western blot.Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the location of SOCS1,SOCS2,SOCS3 in materno-fetal interface.IL-10 and IFN-? secreted by cells in vitro were detected by ELISA.Results:The expression of SOCS1,SOCS2,SOCS3 were found in mater-fetal interface,while positive expression of SOCS3 in villi/decidua was 73.7%/71.1%,and that of SOCS2 was 50.0%/39.5%,then SOCS1 expression was 34.2%/31.6%.The protein expression of SOCS1,SOCS2,SOCS3 were similar to the transcription level.SOCS1,SOCS2,SOCS3 were mainly expressed in villi and decidual stroma.Trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells were not found the expression of SOCS1,but the low level mRNA of SOCS2,SOCS3 without serum,and IL-10 secreted by them increased significantly(P

Objective To compare different equations for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods Hospitalized patients with CKD from the nephrology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital) were recruited between December 2014 and May 2015.The calculations of eGFR and 24 h creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) were accomplished in three days after admission.The eGFRs were calculated separately using the 24 h creatinine clearance rate adjusted by the standard body surface area (Ccr_BSA),Cockcroft-Gault equation adjusted by the standard body surface area (eCcr_BSA),CKD-EPI creatinine equation (EPI_Cr),CKD-EPI cystatin C equation (EPI_CysC),CKDEPI creatinine-cystatin C equation (EPI_Cr_CysC),simplified MDRD (MDRD) and China MDRD equations.The EPI_Cr_CysC equation was used as the standard and the precision and accuracy of the other six equations were compared and analyzed.Results A total of 403 CKD participants were enrolled in the study,with 228 male patients and a mean age of (54.9± 18.4) years.The main primary diseases were chronic glomerulonephritis (43.7％) and diabetic nephropathy (13.2％).The median concentration of serum creatinine and cystatin C were 117.5 (69.7,242.4) μmol/L and 1.80 (1.13,3.31) mg/L,respectively.The median values of Ccr_BSA,eCcr_BSA,MDRD,China MDRD,EPI_Cr,EPI_CysC and EPI_Cr_CysC equations were 50.8 (21.1,96.2),51.9 (23.3,93.2),53.6 (23.0,97.4),52.2(22.4,94.1),53.2 (22.1,97.3),35.1 (15.4,67.0) and 49.1 (22.8,82.3) ml · min-1 · (1.73 m2)-1,respectively.There was well agreement among MDRD,China MDRD and EPI_Cr equations,while there were large differences between equations derived from CysC (EPI_Cr_CysC and EPI_CysC) and equations derived only from creatinine (EPI_Cr,MDRD,China MDRD,eCcr_BSA,Ccr_BSA equations).Compared with EPI_Cr_CysC equation (the reference equation),EPI_Cr equation showed the highest accuracy [percentage of other eGFR equation calculations that were ＞ 30％ of the reference equation calculations (1-P30),30.8％] while Ccr_BSA equation showed the lowest (1-P30,42.4％).EPI_CysC equation showed the highest precision [inter-quartile range (IQR) of the difference,11.7 ml·min-1 · (1.73 m2)-1] while Ccr_BSA equation showed the lowest [IQR of the difference,22.8 ml· min-1 ·(1.73 m2)-1].Conclusions The agreement among equations derived only from creatinine is better;while it exhibits some differences between equations with cystatin C and equations derived only from creatinine.The accuracy of EPI_Cr equation is second only to EPI_Cr_CysC equation and it is currently the most suitable eGFR equation for clinical popularization of renal glomerular function assessment.

Objective To investigate the clinical and renal pathological features in the new rat model induced by anti-human podocyte-protein antibody. Methods The rat model was induced by once intravenous injection of rabbit anti-human podocyte-protein antiserum which was prepared at first. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were randomly divided into six groups (6rats in each group): control group (CG), the time points of day 7 group (D7), day 14 group (D14),day 21 group (D21) and day 28 (D28) group after antiserum injection, and day 28 group after the normal rabbit serum injection (NRG). The level of 24 hour proteinuria, the clearance of creatinine,albumin, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, cholesterol and serum creatinine were measured. The renal morphology was detected under the light microscope, immunofluorescence microscope, and electron microscope. Results 24-hour proteinuria (mg) was gradually increased, and the level of proteinuria in D28 (48.56±13.80) was significantly higher than that in CG (5.34±2.77, P＜0.01)and NRG (11.32±4.90, P＜0.01). The clearance of creatinine (ml/min) and serum creatinine (μmol/L) in D28 (0.90±0.47, 33.48±9.94) were significantly different from CG (1.68±0.54, P＜0.05;26.03±2.67, P＜0.05), but showed no difference with NRG (1.34±0.87, P＞0.05; 27.40±4.73, P＞0.05). The level of albumin (g/L) was lower in D7, D14, D21, D28 (28.20±0.87, 27.80±1.97,27.42±1.66, 27.77±1.95) than CG (29.98±0.76, P＜0.05). But there was no difference in the level of albumin among the groups after antiserum injection and NRG (28.68±1.18, P＞0.05). The level of blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, cholesterol showed no difference among the groups (P＞0.05). The renal morphology showed no obvious changes between CG and NRG. Among the groups after antiserum injection, the renal pathological changes under the light microscope were some spikes formation in D28. Immunostained for rabbit IgG in rat glomeruli progressively decreased over the 28 days, while rat IgG progressively increased. The renal section deposition for rat complement 3 reached a maximum at day 21 then decreased afterward. Under the electron microscope, there were immune complexes and foot process fusion at day 14. Conclusions The new rat model induced by anti-human podocyte-protein antibody showing typically clinical and pathological changes of the membranous nephropathy is successfully established.

Objective To investigate the effect of fluvastatin (FLV) on the expression of β1 integrin in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-treated podocytes and its mechanism.Methods Cultured human podocytes were divided into PAN,different concentrations of fluvastatin (1 × 10-8 to 1 × 10-5 mol/L),SOD,H2O21 groups respectively.Expressions of β1 integrin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in podocytes were detected by Western blotting and DCFHDA (2' 7'-Dichlorofluoresecein 3' 6'-diacetate) respectively.The viability of podocyte was determined by MTT colorimetry.Results PAN and H2O2 significantly decreased the expression of β1 integrin and increased the synthesis of ROS in podocytes (P＜0.05respectively).Lower concentration fluvastatin or SOD treatment up-regulated β1 integrin and downregulated ROS of podocytes induced by PAN (P＜0.05 respectively).MTT revealed that lower podocyte viability was found in higher concentration fluvastatin,PAN and H2O2 groups.Lower concentration fluvastatin and SOD could protect podocytes against PAN.Conclusion Fluvastatin attenuates the injury of podocyte induced by PAN and increases the expression of β1 integrin,whose mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of the ROS activity.

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of fluvastatin on the expression of fibronectin(FN) in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) induced by high-glucose peritoneal dialysate (HGPDS).Methods Cultured HPMCs were randomly divided into control,HGPDS,HGPDS plus GSK650394 10-5 mol/L (the competitive inhibitor of SGK1),different concentrations of fluvastatin,fluvastatin 10-6 mol/L and GSK650394 10-5 mol/L alone.The morphology change of HPMC was observed by light microscopy.The cellular viability was detected by MTT colorimetry.The mRNA and protein expressions of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) and FN were detected by RT-PCR,Western blotting or ELISA.Results After incubation with HGPDS,the cell morphology changed from typical cobblestone-like appearance to fibroblast-like appearance,and the cell viability was inhibited significantly (P＜0.05).Fluvastatin 10-6mol/L and GSK650394 could improved the cell morphology and the cell viability injured by HGPDS (P＜0.05).Compared with the normal control group,the mRNA and protein expressions of SGK1 and FN increased significantly in HPMC treated with HGPDS(P＜0.05).GSK650394 significantly decreased the high expression of SGK1 and FN (P＜0.05),also the fluvastatin had same effects as GSK650394 in dose-dependent manner (P＜0.05).Conclusions High-glucose peritoneal dialysate can increase FN expression in human peritoneal mesothelial cells,which can be attenuated by fluvastatin.The protective role of fluvastatin in HPMC may be partially achieved through the signal pathway of SGK1.

Objective To evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods A total of 594 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled from the inpatients of the Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nanjing Hospital.Fasting serum lipid profile,25-hydroxycalciferol vitamin D and urinary albumin excretion rate were investigated.The relationship between nephropathy and vitamin D deficiency (＜ 20 μg/L) or insufficiency (20-＜ 30 μg/L) was analyzed.Results Nephropathy was found in 177 subjects (29.8％) with albuminuria in 141 and proteinuria in 36 subjects.Vitamin D deficiency was found in 180 subjects and insufficiency in 157 subjects.The proportion of vitamin D deficiency was higher in the individuals with nephropathy than those without nephropathy (36.2％ vs 27.8％,P ＜0.05).The urinary albumin excretion rate was significantly higher in the patients with vitamin D deficiency than those with normal vitamin D concentration [(123.0 ± 299.2)mg/24h vs (47.6 ±97.1) mg/24h,P ＜0.01].The prevalence of nephropathy was higher in the patientswith vitamin D deficiency than those with normal vitamin D concentration (35.6％ vs 26.1％,P ＜ 0.05),while the prevalence of proteinuria was higher in patients with vitamin D deficency (12.2％ vs 3.1％,P ＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency was associated with nephropathy (OR 1.57,95％ CI 1.04-2.37),even after the adjustment for age,gender,hypertension,dyslipidemia,smoking status,use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (OR 1.78,95％ CI 1.12-2.81).The Vitamin D concentration was significantly negatively correlated with urinaryalbumin excretion rate (r =-1.783,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Type 2 diabetic patients have a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.Vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To summarize the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS),its components and T1 stage with high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) of the Bladder.Methods The clinical data of 200 patients with T1 high grade bladder cancer who were admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to June 2014 were retrospectively analyzed,including 155 males and 45 females.Ages were 24 to 86 years old,average 66 years old.Based on the history or blood glucose levels,patients were divided into diabetic group (n =41) (20.5％) and non diabetes group 159 cases (79.5％);According to the body mass index (BMI) were divided into obese group (≥25 kg / m2) of 98 cases (49.0％) and non obese group (＜ 25 kg / m2) of 102 cases (51.0％).According to the blood pressure level,71 cases (35.5％) were divided into hypertension group and 129 cases of non hypertension group (64.5％).MS and its components and the relationship between the recurrence and progress of bladder cancer were analyzed.The Kaplan Meier method was used to assess MS and its components division of tumor progression free survival (progress-free survival,PFS) and recurrence free survival (recurrence-free survival,RFS) influence.Cox regression model of multi factor analysis were used to evaluate the PFS and RFs of MS and its components with bladder cancer.Results Of the 200 cases,16 cases (8.0％) were MS.Tumor recurrence occurred in 121 cases (60.5％),and 84 patients (42.0％) were in progress.Diabetes and non diabetes groups the average RFs were 21.7 and 29.3 months respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =10.115,P =0.001);The median PFS were 32.8 and 39.8 months respectively,the difference has statistical significance (x2 =14.760,P ＜0.001).Obese group and non obese group average RFs were 34.7 and 42.0 months respectively,and the difference were statistically significant (x2 =16.077,P ＜ 0.001);The median PFS were 22.8 and 32.6 months respectively,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =16.174,P＜0.001).The average RFS of MS group and non MS group were 21.5 and 28.4 months respectively,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =5.429,P =0.02);the average PFS was 35.1 and 38.7 months respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =3.854,P ＜ 0.05).Cox multivariate survival analysis showed that diabetes and obesity can increase the risk of recurrence and progression of T1 advanced stage bladder cancer (HR =1.792,P =0.013,HR =2.498,P ＜ 0.001;HR =0.559,P ＜ 0.001;HR =0.492,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Diabetes mellitus and obesity are high risk factors for the recurrence and progression of T1 advanced stage bladder cancer,but MS is not related to the prognosis of T1 patients with advanced bladder cancer.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features, treatment modalities, and prognostic factors for survival in patients with urinary tract small cell carcinoma (UT-SCC).Methods A total of 25 patients treated from June 2000 to December 2014 were included in the retrospective study.The data included age, gender, primary tumors origins, stage, treatment modalities, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), pathology and immunohistochemistry.Of these cases, 22 were male, and the other was female, whose age was 45-79 years (mean age 67).20 cases small cell carcinoma of bladder patients and 2 small cell carcinoma of prostate cancer patients were included.The number of small cell carcinoma in pelvis,ureter and retroperitoneal was 1 respectively.The patients with small cell carcinoma of the urinary tract were classified as disease and extensive disease.17 bladder small cell carcinomas were limited disease and 3 cases were extensive disease;Prostate small cell carcinomas were both extensive disease;The small cell carcinomas in pelvis, ureter were limited disease;The small cell carcinoma in retroperitoneal was extensive disease.10 bladder small cell carcinomas which were limited disease received radical cystectomy.6 of 10 patients received etoposide and cisplatnum (EC).4 of 10 patients received gemcitabine and cisplatnum (GC).7 bladder small cell carcinomas patients who with limited disease refused to receive radical cystectomy in which 2 patients received TURBT and 5 patients received TURBT followed chemotherapy.Both prostate small cell carcinomas received chemoradiotherapy.2 small cell carcinomas in upper urinary tract (pelvis and ureter) received radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection.The patient of retroperitoneal small cell carcinoma received percutaneous nephrostomy after biopsy.The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients are analyzed;the influence of TURBT with adjuvant chemotherapy and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed in median PFS and OS.PFS and OS were compared between groups as a function of time, using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and the log-rank significance test.All statistical tests were two-sided, and P values ＜ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results 25 patients with a pathologic confirmation of UT-SCC,either by biopsy or surgery,were finally included.These patients were classified as pure UT-SCC (14) and Mixed UT-SCC (11).Mixed UT-SCC was defined as tumors containing both SCC and non-SCC components,regardless of the proportion of the latter.13 cases were strongly positive and 3 cases were weakly positive in neuron specific enolase (NSE) level.8 cases were strongly positive and 2 cases were weakly positive in CgA level.Patients with limited disease experienced a significant longer PFS and OS compared with extensive disease subjects (PFS 13.2 vs.7.8 x2=13.53 P＜0.01;OS27.2 vs.12.7x2=19.88 P＜0.01).Patients with bladder SCC showed a significantly higher median PFS and OS compared with patients with SCC of other parts of urinary tract (PFS 12.8 vs.8.2 x2 =12.00, P =0.001;OS 26.3 vs.13.2 x2 =14.45,P ＜0.01) .The two different chemotherapy regimens (GC and EC) have no influence on survival (PFS: 16.3 vs.12.5,x2 =3.34, P =0.07;OS 29.5 vs.22.8, x2 =1.66, P =0.198).TURBT followed by adjuvant therapy have no influence on survival (PFS 14.5 vs.12.0 t =1.30 P =0.251;OS 24.5 vs.28.4 t =0.50,P =0.636).Conclusions The primary tumors origins and stage may have influence on survival in patients with UT-SCC.Patients with bladder small cell carcinoma and limited disease experienced a longer survival.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome , its components and the histopathological findings in bladder cancer patients .Methods The data of 326 patients in our department between October 2010 and October 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Age, gender, stature, weight, histologic stage, grade, and the presence of hypertension , diabetes mellitus, body mass index ( BMI) were evaluated.There were 64 females, 262 males, aged 23-89 years, including 241 low stage, 85 high stage, 155 low grade, and 171 high grade, respectively.There were 117 cases with hypertension, 95 cases with diabetes mellitus , 139 cases with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and 49 cases with metabolic syndrome.The TNM classification was used , with Ta and T1 tumor accepted as low stage , T2 , T3 and T4 tumor as high stage bladder cancer.In addition, the pathological grading system adopted by the 2004 World Health Organization was applied.Non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential were regarded as low grade.Analyses were completed using Chi-square tests to evaluate the correlation of diabetes mellitus , hypertension and obesity with the pathologic stage and grade .Moreover , the pathologic stage , grade and recurrence were compared between metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome groups . Results Metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with histological grade and stage (P=0.001, P=0.011). Diabetes mellitus and obesity were also associated with histological grade and stage (P=0.006, P<0.01). Conclusions Patients with metabolic syndrome were found to have significant higher T stage and grade of bladder cancer .Diabetes mellitus and obesity may promote the grading and staging of bladder cancer .

Objective To explore the impacts of natural ovulation cycles and stimulation cycles on the outcome of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in order to improve the clinical effects of IUI. Methods 176 women received 384 stimulation cycles. According to different ovulation stimulation protocols , the women were divided into six groups including natural cycle (NC) group, clomiphene citrate (CC) group, letrozole (LE) group;human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG ) group, CC + HMG group, and LE + HMG group. The pregnancy rate between nature cycles and ovarian hyperstimulation cycles was compared. Results The pregnancy rate was 9.33%in the nature cycle group and 13.27% in the stimulation cycle group, with a significant difference (P < 0.05);and it dif not differ significantly among the stimulation cycle groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions Use of ovulation-induction medications is one of the important factors affecting the pregnancy rate of intrauterine insemination. There are no differences in the outcome of IUI among different ovulation stimulation protocols.