Recently, as the general public has taken a greater interest in healthful lifestyles, the mass media became the public's core informant on health and medical information. However, serious violations of the broadcasting review regulations have occurred in health and medical broadcasting programs. In fact, many problems stem from the lack of expertise and ethics of physicians. Therefore, a more thorough verification of health and medical information and the selection of the physicians to appear on broadcasting is needed. In 2015, the Korean Medical Association established the Guidelines on promotional mass media appearances by physicians in order to reduce these problems. This study aimed to identify the problems with the health and medical programs, including an analysis of review results and cases and to explore ways to address the problems. We found that cases of violation of the broadcasting review regulations were increasing and the violation level was becoming more serious. We also found that the articles of the Korea Communications Standards Regulation that have been most often violated are Article 42 (medical treatment, etc.) and 46 (advertising effect). The cases violating both of these two articles comprised 96.5% of the total of 85 cases in 2015; these are involved with the expertise and ethics of physicians. In light of this, it is especially worth noting some physicians so called 'show doctor (named by Korean Medical Association)' appear on mass media and recommend specific treatments or products for marketing purpose. In conclusion, physicians to appear on broadcasting shall provide objective and evidence-based medical information with professional ethics.
Ethics ; Ethics, Professional ; Korea ; Life Style ; Marketing ; Mass Media* ; Social Control, Formal

Patients with neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1) have increased susceptibility to a variety of malignancies. Here, we document a rare case of two separated ileal adenocarcinomas in NF-1. The adenocarcinomas were surrounded by a diffuse tubular adenomatous lesion of the mucosa, and ganglion cells were scattered in the NF background. We found this case meaningful for several reasons: two separated adenocarcinomas arising in an unusual ileal segment, the association with precancerous tubular adenoma, and the presence of ganglion cells, which suggests ganglioneuromatosis in NF-1.
Adenocarcinoma/complications/*pathology ; Adult ; Humans ; Ileal Neoplasms/complications/*pathology ; Ileum/pathology ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology ; Male ; Neurofibromatosis 1/complications/*pathology

Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma is an extremely well differentiated variant of cervical adenocarcinoma, and is frequently misdiagnosed due to its benign-looking histopathological features. A 38-year-old woman was diagnosed as having had a minimal deviation adenocarcinoma in the cervix, metastasizing to the uterine body and bilateral adnexae. She had a history of right salpingo-oophorectomy 3 years ago, and was diagnosed as having a mucinous cystadenoma. Histologically, the tumor cells were so well-differentiated that they appeared to be almost the same as those of the non-neoplastic cervical glands. Similar glands were found in both ovaries and in the left fallopian tube. PAS staining showed a negative or apical positive pattern in the endocervical-like glands. Immunohistochemical studies for CEA, ER/PR, cytokeratin 20, and p53 were negative, but positive for cytokeratin 7. The HPV DNA microarray test was negative. Clinically, this proved to be an advanced, biologically aggressive disease.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous* ; Adult ; Cervix Uteri* ; Cystadenoma, Mucinous ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Humans ; Keratin-20 ; Keratin-7 ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Ovary

PURPOSE: MUC1 is a large transmembrane glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in the majority of carcinomas. The high expression of MUC1 is associated with aggressive tumors, with the MUC1 antigen used as a marker to monitor disease progression in breast cancer patients. Although the MUC1 tumor marker is both sensitive and specific for predicting a relapse in breast cancer, it is not commonly used during the follow-up of breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the differential patterns of MUC1 expression in different histological types of breast carcinoma could be used to distinguish tumors from benign lesions, and determine its prognostic relevance with other biological parameters. METHODS: 22 normal breast, 7 intraductal hyper-plasia (IDH) and 307 malignant lesions were selected and immunostained with MUC1. The patterns of reaction were classified as intraluminal border (ILB), cytoplasmic, intercellular membrane (ICM), intranuclear or mixed staining. RESULTS: All the normal breast samples showed weak cytoplasmic staining in the ducts and lobules. All the IDH samples showed moderate cytoplasmic and ILB staining. Of the 307 malignant lesions, only 2 (0.8%) showed negative staining; MUC1 positivity was observed in 4 (1.3%), with only ILB staining; 8 (2.6%) with weak cytoplasmic staining, 16 (5.2%) with weak cytoplasmic and intranuclear staining, 168 (54.7%) with moderate cytoplasmic and ILB staining, and 109 (35.5%) with strong cytoplasmic and ICM staining. MUC1 positivity with a moderate to strong staining intensity was observed in 90.6% of the infiltrating ductal carcinomas (221/244), 96.5% of the intraductal carcinomas (28/29), 87.5% of the infiltrating lobular carcinomas (7/8), 66.6% of the mucinous and secretory carcinomas (10/15), 100.0% of the apocrine carcinomas (5/5) and 100.0% of the medullary carcinomas (6/6). The expression of MUC1 was statistically significant between the histological tumor types (p = 0.034), tumor size (p = 0.046), and HER-2/neu (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: These data suggest the expression of MUC1 was different in normal breast, IDH and malignant breast tumors, and was significantly correlated with the histological tumor types, tumor size and HER-2/neu oncogene.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Carcinoma, Lobular ; Carcinoma, Medullary ; Cytoplasm ; Disease Progression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glycoproteins ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Membranes ; Mucins ; Negative Staining ; Oncogenes ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

PURPOSE: Pregnancy and hCG treatments are considered essential for inhibiting breast cancer. The effect of hCG is accompanied by the synthesis of inhibin, a transforming growth factor involved in cell differentiation and proliferation. Inhibin is considered a tumor suppressor, but its role in the breast is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and tissue distribution of the expressions of inhibin-alpha and beta-hCG in breast cancer, and their prognostic relevance with other biological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 334 of formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks were selected, and then immunostained for inhibin-alpha and beta-hCG. The inhibin-alpha expression was compared with those of beta-hCG, ER, PR and HER-2/neu, as well as the tumor characteristics and recurrences. RESULTS: Inhibin-alpha and beta-hCG were expressed in 87 (26.0%) and 44 cases (13.2%), respectively. Inhibin-alpha was found in 25.1% of infiltrating ductal carcinomas (67/267), 26.7% of intraductal carcinomas (8/30), 33.3% of lobular tumors (3/9), 80.0% of apocrine carcinomas (4/5) and 21.7% of the other types (5/23). Inhibin-alpha was correlated with beta-hCG (p<0.0001), PR (p=0.010) and HER-2/ neu (p=0.021). HCG was focally expressed in the cytoplasm of the conventional types, but the apocrine type displayed diffusely intense cytoplasmic staining, which correlated with histological tumor types (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Inhibin was significantly correlated with the expressions of hCG, PR and HER-2/neu. Therefore, it might be a useful marker in the prevention and hormonal treatment of breast cancer, such as hCG and progesterone. HCG was expressed significantly higher in the apocrine type than the conventional types, suggesting it can be a useful adjunct in differentiating other cancer types.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Cell Differentiation ; Chorion* ; Cytoplasm ; Humans* ; Inhibins* ; Paraffin ; Pregnancy ; Progesterone ; Recurrence ; Tissue Distribution ; Transforming Growth Factors

PURPOSE: The early parity that reduces the risk of developing breast cancer indicates that hormonal conditions might play an important role in its prevention. Both pregnancy and hCG treatment are considered essential for the inhibiting breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of beta-hCG expression in breast cancer and to access its relationship with the other biologic parameters. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-four cases of formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks were selected, and then immunostained for beta-hCG. HCG expression was compared with ER, PR, HER-2/neu, the tumor characteristics and recurrence. RESULTS: Forty-four cases (13.2%) showed positivity for beta-hCG. HCG positivity was observed in 12.0% of infiltrating ductal carcinomas (32/267), 13.3% of intraductal carcinomas (4/30), 11.1% of infiltrating lobular carcinomas (1/9), 80.0% of apocrine carcinomas (4/5) and 13.0% of the other types of carcinomas (3/23). HCG expression was statistically significant between the histological tumor types (p=0.001), but not with the patient's age (p=0.696), tumor grade (p=0.255), tumor size (p=0.510), lymph node status (p=0.620), ER (p=0.498), PR (p=0.421), HER-2/neu oncogene expression (p=0.483) and tumor recurrence (p=0.181). HCG was focally expressed in the cytoplasm of the conventional types, but the apocrine type displayed diffusely intense cytoplasmic staining. CONCLUSION: Although beta-hCG expression was statistically insignificant between the tumor recurrence (p=0.181) and biological parameters, it may be of interest in the future to correlate the presence of beta-hCG expression with a possible therapeutic response in patients of the breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Carcinoma, Lobular ; Chorion* ; Cytoplasm ; Female ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Oncogenes ; Paraffin ; Parity ; Pregnancy ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

"Hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes" (HSCTGR) is a recently described tumor, which is regarded as an unusual variant of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. Proof of a metastatic potential was lacking. The patient in the report was a 35-yr-old woman who showed multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules with massive pleural effusion in the right side. She had a history of a mass excision in the right thigh 11 yrs ago at another hospital, which was reported as a "leiomyoma". Two years before this presentation, the patient received a routine chest radiograph which demonstrated bilateral multiple pulmonary nodules. A lobectomy of the left upper lung was performed. The histological findings revealed a well-circumscribed nodule that was characterized by a spindle-shaped fibrous to hyalinized stroma with criss-crossing short fascicles and giant collagen rosettes surrounded by a rim of spindle-shaped cells. Electron microscopy confirmed the fibroblastic nature of the tumor. This case, in addition to at least two other cases reported in the literature, demonstrates that the HSCTGR is a malignant neoplasm with the capacity to metastasize after a long hiatus.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hyalin/metabolism ; Korea ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis/*pathology/*secondary/ultrastructure ; *Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pleural Effusion/pathology ; Sarcoma/diagnosis/*pathology/ultrastructure ; Thigh/pathology ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cell phone dependency and aggression in elementary school students with the mediating effect of leisure activities in South Korea. METHODS: Data were cross-sectional in study design with 1,555 fourth grade elementary school students participating in the 4th-year Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 and AMOS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Cell phone dependency has a significant effect on aggression, but it did not act as a control variable in the relationship between the protective factor, weekly book reading time and the amount of daytime play with aggression. Weekly entertainment time and weekly TV and video viewing time had a significant statistical effect on aggression, thus this study confirmed that cell phone dependency acts as a control variable in relation to aggression. CONCLUSION: As the entertainment time for elementary school students, the time spent watching TV and videos play a negative role, it is necessary to prepare a leisure activity management practice and strategies with an emphasis on entertainment time as well as, TV and video viewing as elementary school students' leisure activities for a healthy school life.
Adolescent ; Aggression ; Cell Phones ; Child ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Humans ; Korea ; Leisure Activities ; Negotiating ; Protective Factors ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: To retrospectively review finding of osteonecrosis of the femoral head after bone marrow transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical and MR findings of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in 23 of 1112 patients who underwent marrow transplantation during a five-year follow-up period lasting from 1996 to 2000. RESULTS: Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 31 (range, 20-47) years, and the mean time from transplant to diagnosis was 17 months. All patients developed variable graft-versus-host disease and seventeen were treated with high-dose prednisolone and/or cysclosporin for severe acute or extensive chronic graft versus host disease. Osteonecrosis was diagnosed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, which allowed early detection of disease assessment of its stage. At the time of diagnosis, 15 hips were at stage I, 28 at stage II, two at stage III, and none at stage IV, according to the international ARCO classification system. Osteonecrosis of femoral diaphyses, the lower lumbar spine, or pelvic bones in the MR field was also found to have occurred in 11 patients. Initial treatment was conservative: 21 hips underwent surgery [core decompression (n=10), vascularized fibular bone graft (n=5), and joint replacement (n=6)]. CONCLUSION: In patients receiving high-dose steroids for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease, MR screening might help detect osteonecrosis at an early stage.
Bone Marrow Transplantation* ; Bone Marrow* ; Classification ; Decompression ; Diagnosis ; Diaphyses ; Early Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Head* ; Hip ; Humans ; Joints ; Mass Screening ; Osteonecrosis* ; Pelvic Bones ; Prednisolone ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine ; Steroids ; Transplants

PURPOSE: To review the sonographic findings of various diseases showing architectural distortion depicted under mammography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected and reviewed architectural distortions observed under mammography at our health institution between 1 March 2004, and 28 February 2007. We collected 23 cases of sonographically-detected mammographic architectural distortions that confirmed lesions after surgical resection. The sonographic findings of mammographic architectural distortion were analyzed by use of the BI-RADS lexicon for shape, margin, lesion boundary, echo pattern, posterior acoustic feature and orientation. RESULTS: There were variable diseases that showed architectural distortion depicted under mammography. Fibrocystic disease was the most common presentation (n = 6), followed by adenosis (n = 2), stromal fibrosis (n = 2), radial scar (n = 3), usual ductal hyperplasia (n = 1), atypical ductal hyperplasia (n = 1) and mild fibrosis with microcalcification (n = 1). Malignant lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 2), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (n = 2), invasive ductal carcinoma (n = 2) and invasive lobular carcinoma (n = 1) were observed. As ovserved by sonography, shape was divided as irregular (n = 22) and round (n = 1). Margin was divided as circumscribed (n = 1), indistinct (n = 7), angular (n = 1), microlobulated (n = 1) and sipculated (n = 13). Lesion boundary was divided as abrupt interface (n = 11) and echogenic halo (n = 12). Echo pattern was divided as hypoechoic (n = 20), anechoic (n = 1), hyperechoic (n = 1) and isoechoic (n = 1). Posterior acoustic feature was divided as posterior acoustic feature (n = 7), posterior acoustic shadow (n = 15) and complex posterior acoustic feature (n = 1). Orientation was divided as parallel (n = 12) and not parallel (n = 11). There were no differential sonographic findings between benign and malignant lesions. CONCLUSION: This study presented various sonographic findings of mammographic architectural distortion and that it is difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions depicted under sonography. Pathological confirmation is needed for mammographic architectural distortion.
Acoustics ; Breast ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Carcinoma, Lobular ; Cicatrix ; Fibrosis ; Hyperplasia ; Mammography ; Orientation