Objective:To understand the present situation of the construction of standardized asthma clinic for children in China, to explore the problems existing in the process of construction, and to promote the healthy development of standardized clinic construction.Methods:The process and current situation of the construction of standar-dized asthma clinics for children in China were reviewed and investigated, and the practical significance of the China Children′s Asthma Action Plan (CCAAP) in the construction of standardized asthma clinics for children was explored.Results:(1)By December 2020, 1 289 standardized asthma clinics for children and 135 regional demonstration centers had been built; 56 training sessions had been held, with a total of 2 560 doctors and 650 nurses trained, covering 2 560 hospitals across the country; and 4 518 patient education sessions were held.Online publicity covers a total of 1 million person-times, with an annual average of 1.33 million patients.(2)CCAAP improved the quality control level of standardized asthma clinic and promoted the standardized management of children.Conclusions:Through process optimization, professional evaluation, individual health education and real-time disease monitoring, standardized asthma clinic for children with asthma can effectively enhance asthma management awareness of children and their parents, improve disease awareness, and promote better control of asthma.It is an effective management model of asthma in children at present, and it is worthy of clinical promotion.CCAAP plays a good role in the construction of standardized outpatient clinic for asthma in children.The construction of standardized asthma clinic for children in China has achieved remarkable results, and the development trend is good in the future.

Allergic diseases are a kind of common chronic diseases, whose treatment cycle is long and easy to be repeated, which causes heavy medical and economic burden to the whole world.Allergen immunotherapy(AIT) is the cause-specific therapy for IgE mediated allergic diseases and can change the course of allergic diseases.Although numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of AIT in the treatment of allergic diseases, severe and even fatal adverse reactions still occur, especially in subcutaneous immunotherapy(SCIT). This review mainly focuses on the latest research progress of SCIT safety, and summarizes the research status, risk factors, countermeasures and future research directions of SCIT adverse reactions.

Tidal breathing pulmonary function test can obtain signals of flow and volume via air flow sensors to evaluate lung function.Because the advantages are prominent(high sensitivity and safety, without children′s active cooperation and easy to operate), tidal breathing pulmonary function still assists in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the infant wheezing and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, prognostic evaluation, etc, although affected by multiple factors.This article reviews recent progress of tidal breathing pulmonary function test in young children at home and abroad.

Objective To compare comfort of topical versus sub-Tenon's anesthesia in small -incision extracapsular cataract excision surgery.Methods A total of 200 patients were divided into sub-Tenon's group (received infiltration with 2％ lignocaine,n =100) and topical anaesthesia group (received topical anaesthesia with 0.5％ proparacaine drops,n =100).Patients were given Visual Analog Scale to record the pain in different stage (intraoperative,postoperative and 30 min after operation).And operative complications were recorded.Results Sub-Tenon's anesthesia group had lower pain scores intraoperative,postoperative and 30 min after operation,and control ability in eye movement,pressure on the eyelids and overall satisfaction scores showed significant differences in two groups.Conclusion Sub-Tenon's anaesthesia had better anesthesia efficacy for patients with small-incision extracapsular cataract excision surgery under topical anesthesia.

Objective To compare comfort of topical versus sub-Tenon's anesthesia in small -incision extracapsular cataract excision surgery.Methods A total of 200 patients were divided into sub-Tenon's group (received infiltration with 2％ lignocaine,n =100) and topical anaesthesia group (received topical anaesthesia with 0.5％ proparacaine drops,n =100).Patients were given Visual Analog Scale to record the pain in different stage (intraoperative,postoperative and 30 min after operation).And operative complications were recorded.Results Sub-Tenon's anesthesia group had lower pain scores intraoperative,postoperative and 30 min after operation,and control ability in eye movement,pressure on the eyelids and overall satisfaction scores showed significant differences in two groups.Conclusion Sub-Tenon's anaesthesia had better anesthesia efficacy for patients with small-incision extracapsular cataract excision surgery under topical anesthesia.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Dupilumab on the treatment of asthma combined with atopic dermatitis (AD) and other type 2 inflammatory co-morbidities in children.Methods:Clinical data of children with asthma combined with AD, allergic rhinitis (AR) type 2 inflammatory co-morbidities who received Dupilumab treatment for 16 weeks or longer in the Pediatric Asthma and Allergy Clinic of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from April 1, 2021 to September 1, 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The efficacy and safety of Dupilumab on the treatment of asthma combined with AD and AR in children were assessed by comparing clinical symptoms before and after 16 weeks of treatment, changes in the dosage of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), lung function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and peripheral blood eosinophil (EOS) count, and the incidence of adverse events, respectively.The correlation between the efficacy on AD, AR and asthma was assessed.Quantitative indicators that were normally distributed were compared by the paired samples t-test; otherwise, they were compared by rank- sum test.The correlation between different indicators was compared by Spearman rank correlation test. Results:(1) Ten children with asthma combined with AD, AR were recruited, including 8 males and 2 females, with the mean age of 9 (4-14) years.Three children were previously treated with subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) prior to Dupilumab treatment, and 1 child was transferred to Dupilumab treatment because of a poor responsiveness to Omalizumab.(2) Improvement of asthma: after 16 weeks of treatment, asthma symptoms were well controlled in the 10 children, and none of them had acute asthma attacks.The childhood asthma control test for children and asthma control questionnaire findings were significantly improved from baseline (all P<0.05). Forced expiratory volume in the first second to the predicted value was significantly improved from baseline ( P<0.05). The dosage of ICS [all converted to Beclomethasone Dipropionate, 0 (0, 125.00) μg/d vs.400.00 (200.00, 400.00) μg/d] and FeNO level [11.00(9.00, 19.25)×10 -9vs.38.00(18.25, 56.75)×10 -9] significantly decreased from baseline (all P<0.05). Serum T-IgE testing before and after treatment were performed in 3 children, which were significantly reduced at 16 weeks of treatment compared with baseline (case 1: 2 759 kU/L vs.>5 000 kU/L; case 2: 1 432 kU/L vs.3 546 kU/L; case 3: 655 kU/L vs.1 000 kU/L, all P<0.05). (3) Improvement of asthma co-morbidities: The scoring atopic dermatitis scores, and patient-oriented eczema measure scores at each time point of follow-up decreased significantly compared with baseline (all P<0.001). The overall peripheral blood EOS count increased during the treatment period compared with baseline[1.18(0.62, 1.51)×10 9/L vs.1.01(0.54, 1.90)×10 9/L, P=0.444], although no significant difference was detected.Visual analog scale and total rhinitis medication scores decreased significantly compared with baseline (all P<0.05). (4) There was a positive correlation between baseline AD severity and the therapeutic efficacy on asthma ( r=0.697, P=0.025). (5) Safety: during the treatment, one case developed bilateral conjunctivitis and one developed bilateral bulbar conjunctival hemosiderosis, both of whom were improved after symptomatic treatment. Conclusions:Dupilumab treatment significantly improves clinical symptoms of asthma, AD and AR in children with asthma combined with AD, AR type 2 inflammatory co-morbidities, which also reduces ICS dosage, FeNO level, rhinitis medication and serum T-IgE level, and improve pulmonary function, with a good safety profile.It is a promising treatment to children with type 2 inflammatory disease who have a poor Omalizumab efficacy, and its combination with SCIT is a favorable etiologic treatment.

The clinical data of 103 patients with type 2 diabetes (diabetic group) and 111 diabetic patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) admitted from August 2016 to October 2017 were reviewed and 101 health subjects served as normal controls (group NC).The examination results of carotid ultrasound,serum uric acid (SUA) levels and blood biochemistry were compared among three groups.The results show that SUA in diabetic patients with ACI was significantly higher (P ＜ 0.01).The correlation analysis showed that SUA was positively correlated with intimal medial thickness (IMT) of carotid artery,diabetes with ACI (r=0.521 and 0.489,P ＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that SUA was an independent risk factor for diabetes with ACI (OR =1.012,95％ CI:1.007-1.017,P ＜ 0.01).Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that high SUA and systemic blood pressure (SBP) were independent risk factors of increased IMT.Logistic regression analysis showed that SUA was an independent risk factor for vulnerable carotid plaques (OR =1.052,95％ CI:1.039-1.065,P ＜0.01).

Objective To analyze the effects of Hual qi huang granules on children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.Methods A randomized,multicenter parallel controlled clinical trial was carried out.A total of 3 000 cases of hospitalized children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia were selected.All of them were given treatment for mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with macrolide antibiotics and symptomatic treatment.They were randomly divided into 2 groups:research group and control group.The children of research group were give oral Huai qi huang granules for three months.According to the classification of pneumonia,these two groups were divided into:lobar pneumonia research group,lobar pneumonia control group,lobular pneumonia research group,lobular pneumonia control group.The hospitalization duration of fever,length of hospital stay,the absorption area of lung inflammation and pneumonia severity sores were observed.The frequency of upper respiratory infections,bronchitis,pneumonia were observed in 3 months after discharge.Results 2 378 cases were investigated.The hospitalization duration of fever,length of hospital stay of research group were significantly shorter than that of in control group (P ＜ 0.001).The children with lobar pneumonia,2 weeks after treatment,the absorption of consolidation of the lobar pneumonia research group is significantly better than lobar pneumonia control group (P ＜0.001).After two weeks treatment,the pneumonia scores of lobar pneumonia research group is lower than lobar pneumonia control group (P ＜ 0.05).Followup of 3 months after hospital discharge,frequency of upper respiratory infection and bronchitis of research group,were significantly lower than that of control.In addition,appetite increased significantly in research group than control (P ＜ 0.001).There are 21 cases with drug associated adverse reactions (mild diarrhea),including 12 cases of research group,9 cases of control group,and there was no statistical significance (P ＞0.05).Conclusion Standard treatment combined with oral Huai qi huang granules in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,can significantly shorten hospitalization duration of fever,length of hospital stay and reduce the severity score of pneumonia.Three months oral Huai qi huang granules can significant reduce the frequency of respiratory infections and bronchitis,also can increase patients appetite,and be safe.

Objective:To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers in China and analyze the factor influencing the KAP.Methods:A self-developed questionnaire was used for an online research on the KAP of 11 849 pediatric healthcare providers from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of China from March 11 to 14, 2022.The factors influencing the KAP of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers were examined by Logistic regression. Results:The scores of KAP, of pulse oximetry were 5.57±0.96, 11.24±1.25 and 11.19±4.54, respectively.The corresponding scoring rates were 69.61%, 74.95%, and 55.99%, respectively. Logistic regression results showed that the gender and working years of pediatric healthcare providers, the region they were located, and whether their medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters were the main factors affecting the knowledge score (all P<0.05). Main factors influencing the attitude score of pediatric healthcare providers included their knowledge score, gender, educational background, working years, region, medical institution level, and whether the medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). For the practice score, the main influencing factors were the knowledge score, gender, age, and whether the medi-cal institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Chinese pediatric healthcare providers need to further improve their knowledge about and attitudes towards pulse oximetry.Pulse oximeters are evidently under-used.It is urgent to formulate policies or guidelines, strengthen education and training, improve knowledge and attitudes, equip more institutions with pulse oximeters, and popularize their application in medical institutions.