Many techniques of the internal fixation have resulted in these years from the new concept of biomechanical osteosynthesis (BO). LISS (less invasive stabilization system) is a typical representative of BO in minimally invasive surgery. The clinical results have been greatly improved by LISS in the operative treatment of distal humerus fractures, the proximal tibia fractures, periprosthetic supracondylar fractures and osteoporotic fracture, but skills of using LISS should be improved, indications of using LISS explored, and the mechanism that LISS improves the healing of fracture studied further.

ObjectiveTo analyze complications following the treatment of peri-knee fracture or nonunion by locking plates.Methods From January 2005 to May 2009, we used internal fixation with a locking plate to treat 106 closed peri-knee fractures in 97 patients (46 distal femoral fractures and 60 proximal tibia fractures). There were 85 cases of fresh fracture and 21 cases of nonunion. They were 62 males and 35 females, with an average of 34.8 years (from 18 to 54 years). The patients were followed up monthly for The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scores and complications. Analyses were done to find associations between complications and gender,injury cause,injury type,facture type and operation time. ResultsThe follow-ups averaged 23.8 months (from 10 to 32 months ). The 46 distal femoral fractures obtained an average HSS score of 83.4 points one year after operation and had a complication rate of 32.6 ％ ( 15 cases); the 60 proximal tibia fractures obtained an average HSS score of 86. 4 points one year after operation and had a complication rate of 16.7 ％ (10 cases). There were no significant associations between complication rate and gender, injury cause, injury type and fracture type ( P ＞ 0. 05). There was a significant association between complication rate and operation time(x2 = 5.440, P = 0. 015).Conclusions Although locking plates are a new and effective treatment for peri-knee fracture or nonunion, they still have drawbacks. Indications should be strictly followed and care should be taken to avoid postoperative complications as much as possible.

Calcium sensing receptors (CaSR) is a member of super-family of G-protein coupling receptors. This review first introduced the concept, construction features, distribution, functions, decision methods, moderators, genetic locus of CaSR and its relationship with some diseases concisely. Then this article described the investigation progress of CaSR in cardiovascular system intensively, including the expression pattern, role and signal pathways of CaSR in rat myocardium in normal, ischemia-reperfusion injury, apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy;the role and mechanism of CaSR in calcium homostasis regulation of rat myocardium, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cardiac ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. The metabolism rule, physiological significance and pathological action of polyamine in cardiac cells;the increase of CaSR expression in cardiac tissue of artherosclerosic rat and its effect on sensitivity to acute myocardial infarction are also discussed. In the end, the research perspective of CaSR in cardiovascular system was anticipated.

Bioglass is one of the most important inorganic biomedical materials and is widely used in clinic. Orthopedists and researchers pay more and more attentions to bioglass due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. This paper introduces the current research status and development of bioglass in bone repairing,bone tissue engineering, anti-infection drug delivery material and interventional therapy. Brief review is given to the potential application of bioglass in orthopaedics.

Platelet-rich plasma(PRP) is a highly-concentrated plasma enriched in platelets and various growth factors. These growth factors will be released abundantly by platelets when PRP is activated by thrombin, which plays a key role in accelerating wound healing, bone repair, and meanwhile, in controlling of inflammatory process. Biocompatibility and versatility of PRP have been confirmed in clinical studies as well as its excellent effects on tissue reparation. These have lead to the extensive use of PRP in many medical fields as a therapeutic alternative. Mechanism of PRP in bone and tissue repair the application of PRP in the field of orthopedics is reviewed in this article. In addition, attempt is made to discuss about some problems still existing in the clinical application of PRP.

BACKGROUND:So far there is not an ideal animal model for clinical research of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, which hinders its development. OBJECTIVE:To compare the merits and characteristics of different methods and various animal models, and to provide a reference for selection of models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. METHODS:Literature search was performed in databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, published from 2006 to 2014 by computers. The key words were“Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head, Animal model, Vivo Experiment, Legg Calve Perthes disease, Osteoarthritis, Col apse of the Femoral Head, Trauma, Corticosteroid, Alcohol, Liquid Nitrogen”in English and Chinese, respectively. Final y, 48 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head models simulates the most common clinical type, which is more effective in Legg Calve Perthes disease. Glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head models is more suitable for etiology, pathology and comprehensive research. Physical osteonecrosis of the femoral head models could be used for evaluating treatment methods, such as surgery. The ideal animal models should be similar with human in anatomy, histology and biomechanics;pathology, pathophysiology, and radiographic progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head can simulate the whole process of human osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and it is easy to be obtained, cost-effective and good repeatable.

Objective To investigate the effect of absorbable membrane on prevention of tendon adhesion after the ruptured tendon is repaired. Methods In our experiment, 30 12-weeks-old Leghorn cocks were divided into 2 groups randomly. Group A was the blank group, and Group B was the absorbable membrane group. Each group had 15 cocks. The flexor tendon of third phalanx was made ruptured. After repairing, histological observation, failure mode test and functional recovery test were performed regularly. Results In Group B, there was little adhesion between tendon and normal tissue under gross observation. There was no significant tissue necrosis or scar tissue under microscope. There was no difference in the failure mode test between the 2 groups 6 weeks after repairing. The functions of movement of interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints in group B were better than those in group A. Conclusion The absorbable membrane can be a kind of material or method used to prevent tendon adhesion.

Objective To explore diagnosis of nonunion following intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial fractures and the treatment of nonunion of femoral and tibial fractures with Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) or locking compression plate (LCP). Methods From February 2003 to December 2004, 7 cases of nonunion after intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial fractures were diagnosed by X-ray or CT scanning or CT-3D. LISS or LCP fixation and bone grafting were employed to treat the 7 cases of nonunion in the femur and tibia. Their case histories ranged from 10 to 49 (mean 23.3) months. Results All the 7 patients were followed up for a mean of 9.1 (4 to 16) months. The bone union time for all the fractures averaged 4.7 months (ranging from 4 to 6 months). No loosening or breakage of the implants occurred in this series. Conclusions The operation should be done for the patients who feel pain in the lower extremities or the fracture line still exists at the fracture ends long time after intramedullary nailing. In order to improve the healing of bone fractures, micromovement and bone defects at the fracture site should be eliminated. Because of its merits in design, the LISS can be used to effectively treat nonunion at the distal femur or the proximal tibia.

BACKGROUND:Researches on establishing restenosis models in rats emphasize the importancc of 2.0 Forgarty balloon catheter import,but little has been mentioned about domestic-made balloon catheter.OBJECTIVE:To explore the characteristics of vessel restenosis model by denuding arterial endothelium with domestic-made 2.0 Forgarty balloon catheter in rats.DESIGN:A randomized controlled animal experiment.SETTING:Laboratory of Pathophysiology,Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.MATERIALs:This study was performed at the Laboratory of Pathophysiology,Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between September 2006 and January 2007.Healthy male SD rats,weighing 300-350 g,were selected.The protocol was performed in accordance with ethical guidelines for the use and care of animals.Domestic-made 2.0 Forgarty balloon catheters were made of balloons and catheters.Proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA),collagen I,and SM α-actin immunohistochemical staining kits were provided by Wuhan Boster Bioengineering Co.,Ltd,China.METHODS:The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham-operated group(n=5),7th day model group(n=4),14th day model group(n=5),and 21st day model group(n=4).The vessel restenosis models were established in the latter 3 groups by denuding arterial endothelium with domestic-made balloon catheter in rats.In the sham-operated group,rats were without insertion of balloon catheter.Injured thoracic aortas were taken out for HE staining to observe histological changes of vascular intima.At the meantime,expressions of SM α-actin,PCNA and collagen I were determined by immunohistochemical method in each group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Histological changes of intima at the thoracic aorta as well as expressions of SM α-actin,PCNA and collagen I.RESULTS:Eighteen rats were included in the final analysis.The aortal vascular walls remained integrity without narrowness of the lumen areas and proliferation of the endothelium,vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs)ranged regularly in the mesolamella in the sham-operated group.The endothelium had little proliferation in the 7th day model group.The intima thickened and the area of lumen became narrow in the 14th day model group.The intimal hyperplasia was diffusive and progressive which mainly included VSMCs,the area of lumen narrowed markedly and cells ranged disorderly in mesolamella in the 21st day model group.In the 14th day model group,PCNA level was higher compared to the remaining 3 groups(P＜0.01).SM α-actin level were significantly higher in the 14th and 21st day model groups than in the sham-operated group and 7th day model group(both P＜0.01).There were no significant differences in collagen I among the groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Vascular intima hyperplasia appeared markedly 14-21 days after domestic-made balloon catheter-induced rat aorta injury.The results suggested that intima hyperplasia is mainly induced by proliferation of VSMCs.

Objective To compare the clinical results of minimally invasive percutancous plate os-teosynthesis (MIPPO) and open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) for treatment of distal tibial fractures. Methods From October 2006 to June 2007, 94 cases of closed distal tibial fracture with intact articular surface were treated by internal fixation with plates. Of them, 42 were treated with ORIF and 52 with MIPPO. We retrospectively analyzed their union time, malunion and complications. Results The average follow-up was 14.5 (8 to 24) months. In the ORIF group, 35 cases got union, 3 cases delayed union and 4 cases nonunion. The average time for union was 3.83 (3 to 8) months. There were no cases of malunion and 2 cases of superficial infection in this group. In the MIPPO group, 47 cases obtained union, 5 cases delayed union and none nonunion. The average time for union was 3.66(2 to 8) months. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in total union time or in the union time for Type AI, Type A2 and Type B fractures respectively. The union time for Type A3 fracture was longer in the MIPPO group than in the ORIF group, but the union time for Type C fracture in the MIPPO group was shorter than in the ORIF group. In the MIPPO group, external rotation occurred in 2 cases and posterior angnlation displacement in 3, and 8 cases com-plained of discomfort around the ankle which was relieved after removal of the plate. Conclusions Gen-erally speaking, there is no significant difference between ORIF and MIPPO in union time for distal tibial fractures. ORIF may be superior to MIPPO in treatment of Type A3 fracture, but inferior to MIPPO in treatment of Type C fracture. A high rate of delayed union may be expected in patients who have been treated with MIPPO and have had anteroposterior angnlation.