Objective To evaluate the key role of development of medical and biological techniques correlating with medical protection against New Concept Weapons(NCWs) and put forward a development strategy in medical protection against NCWs. Methods Data on the present medical techniques protecting against NCWs were obtained by tracing references. On the basis of analyzing and studying the obtained data, an evaluation was made by consulting experts, system analysis, scientific selection, clustering analysis and policy analysis. Results The correlation coefficients correlation, indexes and scores in the present progress of 36 techniques were determined. Furthermore, the evaluation was made. Conclusion Different developing strategy should be taken in accordance with the important and the present research on medical and biological techniques correlating with medical protection against NCWs. This study will give us some advice on protecting against NCWs in medicine.

As a new trend of biomedical research,the translational medicine has increasingly got recognition.This article attempts to analyze the current challenges facing medical colleges in the organization and management of translational research,based on a summary of the rise of translational medicine.After that the author gives some suggestions to the innovation on the management of research in medical colleges.

Compared with the education model of German medical doctors,the education of medical doctors in our country starts late,still need exploration and improvement.Based on the history of the education mode of modern higher medical education in Germany,the educational characteristics of German medical PhD were analyzed and a comparative study on the Chinese and German education mode of medical doctors in terms of training objectives,admission requirements,mentoring system were conducted,which provides reference for the reform of the education mode of medical doctors in our country.

Objective To study the ultrasonographic characteristics and significance of color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnose of soft tissue haematoma in the elderly.Methods Totally 45 elderly patients with soft tissue hematoma were retrospectively analyzed.Hematoma were divided into 3 types:traumatic hematoma,iatrogenic hematoma and spontaneous hematoma.The ultrasonographic features of hematoma including location,size,shape,internal echo,boundary and relationship with around muscles were detected by color Doppler ultrasound.Results The ultrasonographic diagnostic rate of soft tissue haematoma was 98.0％ (44/45) in this study.The haematomas in patients were found in the soft tissues of many body parts and the types were mainly iatrogenic and spontaneous haematomas (42.0％ and 40.0％ respectviely).The traumatic hematomas and iatrogenic hematomas could be found in the early stage by ultrasound due to the trauma history,and the sonograms were mainly equal and low echo (75.0％ and 80.0％ respectively).Traumatic hematoma was found between the disorder muscles,and partial ruptured muscle fibers could be detected within or around the hematoma.Iatrogenic hematoma was mainly located around the vessels,which were compressed to the deep part as compared with the vessel in contralateral.Spontaneous haematoma was not almost found in the early stage and could be easily ignored and misdiagnosed.Spontaneous hematoma was mainly located within muscle fibers or fatty layers,presented anechoic area with irregular hypoechoic between the muscles and had well-defined hyperechoic boundary with compressed muscles around it.Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasound has a reliable diagnosis of soft tissue haematoma with quick,noninvasive,convenient for follow-up advantages in the elderly.

Objective To discuss the genetic diversity of Coptis chinensis.Methods The genetic diversity of 78 individuals from seven populations was analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR).Results Twelve primers were selected to produce highly reproducible ISSR bands.Among 106 amplified bands,72 showed polymorphism,the percentage of polymorphic bands reached to 67.92%.Nei's gene diversity index(H)was 0.180 3,Shannon information index(I)was 0.283 2,Gst was 0.681 5.The genetic distance coefficient and genetic similarity were 0.089 4—0.184 6 and 0.832 1—0.912 7,respectively.ConclusionC.chinensis holds high genetic diversity and the majority of genetic variation occurs among the populations.By cluster analysis,the geographical distribution is very obvious.The ISSR marker could be used for the analysis of the genetic diversity and genetic variation of C.chinensis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture on endoplasmic reticulum stress in lung tissues of rats with acute lung injury (ALI) induced by endotoxin.Methods Forty healthy pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8 weeks,weighing 180-210 g,were divided into 4 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),ALI group,electroacupuncture group (group E),and electroacupuncture at non-acupoint group (group NE).Lipopolysaccharide 5 mg/kg (in 0.5 ml normal saline) was injected intravenously to establish the model of endotoxin-induced ALI.Bilateral 30 min electroacupuncture stimulation of Zusanli and Neiguan acupoints was performed with the dispersedense wave (frequency 2/15 Hz,wave length 0.2-0.6 ms,intensity 1-2 mA) once a day (time for stimulation 9:30-10:30) for 4 consecutive days before and during establishment of the model in group E.Electroacupuncture was performed with the same parameters at the points 0.5 cm lateral to the acupoints of Zusanli and Neiguan in group NE.At 6 h after lipopolysaccharide injection,the rats were sacrificed,and lungs were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of wet to dry weight ratio (W/D ratio),apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells and expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12 in lung tissues (by Western blot).The pathological changes of lungs were scored.Apoptosis index (AI) was calculated.Results Compared with group C,lung injury scores,W/D ratio and AI were significantly increased,and the expression of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 in lung tissues was up-regulated in the other three groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group ALI,lung injury scores,W/D ratio and AI were significantly decreased,and the expression of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 in lung tissues was down-regulated in group E (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the paramneters mentioned above in group NE (P＞0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which electroacupuncture attenuates endotoxin-induced ALI is related to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and reduction of apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells in rats.

Objective: To analyze the correlations between cholecystolithiasis or cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer, and make a brief summary combining with the present study. Methods: Qualified studies about the correlations between cholecystolithiasis or cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer published in English and Chinese before April 2018 were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wan Fang Data, and VIP. Case-control and cohort studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed by the Newcastle-Ottowa Scale, then we chose the high-quality literature to extract the data and analyze those data by RevMan 5.3 software. Publication bias was analyzed by Stata 12.1 software. Results: A total of 28 articles were finally included in the systematic review, including 23 case-control studies and 5 cohort studies. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between cholecystolithiasis and the risk of colorectal cancer(OR=1.70, 95%CI: 1.39~2.08, P<0.05)、colon cancer(OR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.36~2.23, P<0.05)、rectal cancer (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.02~1.80, P<0.05). The results showed a risk of colorectal cancer(OR=1.31, 95%CI: 1.14~1.51, P<0.05) and colon cancer (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.05~1.36, P<0.05) after cholecystectomy, but the risk is significantly less than the risk in patients with gallstone. And there is no relevance between cholecystectomy and the risk of rectal cancer(OR=0.89, 95%CI: 0.73~1.08, P>0.05). Conclusion There is a positive association between cholecystolithiasis and colorectal cancer, but cholecystectomy itself may be not the risk of rectal cancer.

Integrated medical education, namely medical education under the concept of integration, is an important trend in the development of global medical education, and also an important task in the re-form of medical universities and colleges in China. The integrated medical education abroad originated from Europe and America, and developed relatively well. It started late in China and was limited to integration of some subjects. At present, the reform of integrated medical education in domestic colleges and universities is still facing the problems and challenges such as lag of teaching ideas, limited content of reform, insufficient teachers' ability, difficulty to change learning habits, deviations of learning purposes, lack of integrated learning, lack of system, poor mechanism, weak guarantee and so on. In the future, we should make efforts to teach, learn and manage, give full play to the leading role of "teaching", improve the main position of"learning", and constantly improve the guarantee function of "management".

Objective:To compare the efficacy of pneumovesicoscopic Cohen and Politano-Leadbetter procedures in the treatment of vesicoureteral junction obstruction (VUJO) in children.Methods:The data of 48 children with VUJO who underwent operations in the Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Children′s Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the operation time, the patients were divided into the pneumovesicoscopic Cohen group(group C) (28 cases) and pneumovesicoscopic Politano-Leadbetter group(group P) (20 cases). The operation time, postoperative urinary catheterization duration, hematuria duration, hospitalization time, and the improvement of hydronephrosis, ureteral dilatation, and renal function after surgery were compared between the 2 groups.The enumeration data were compared by the χ2 test or Fisher′ s exact probability method.The measurement data were compared by the t-test. Results:All the 48 children were successfully operated on by the same surgeon, without conversion to open surgery.Six cases in the group C had a megaureter and underwent ureter tailoring.Two cases in the group P had calyceal and ureteral calculi, which were all removed after operation.There was a statistically significant difference in the operation time between group C and group P[(136.5±35.4) min vs.(165.8±33.2) min, t=-3.154, P=0.002]. The patients were followed up for (10.3±2.6) months after operation.There were 8 cases and 6 cases of urinary tract infection in group C and group P within 2 months after the operation, respectively.They all improved after conservative anti-infection treatment, and the infection was well controlled after removal of the D-J tube.Besides, their intravenous pyelography 6 months after operation showed that the ureter was unobstructed.In group C, 6 months after the operation, the anterior and posterior diameters of the renal pelvis [(1.62±0.54) cm vs.(2.55±1.24) cm, t=-5.027, P=0.001] and the largest diameter of the ureter [(0.95±0.27) cm vs.(1.51±0.52) cm, t=-8.495, P<0.001] were significantly decreased, compared with those before operation.However, the renal cortex thickness was increased significantly [(1.47±0.25) cm vs.(0.86±0.46) cm, t=2.028, P=0.004], and the renal function (as indicated by the diuretic nephrogram) was notably improved [(46.27±2.16)% vs.(41.83±3.04)%, t=1.647, P=0.030]. In group P, 6 months after operation, the anterior and posterior diameters of the renal pelvis[(1.48±0.82) cm vs.(2.68±1.41) cm, t=-2.740, P=0.003] and the maximum diameter of the ureter [(1.05±0.46) cm vs.(1.36±0.27) cm, t=-1.635, P=0.040] were significantly smaller than those before operation.However, the renal cortical thickness was increased [(1.38±0.33) cm vs.(0.74±0.39) cm, t=9.073, P<0.001], and the renal function (as indicated by the diuretic nephrogram) was significantly improved [(45.18±3.35)% vs.(39.55±2.49)%, t=1.277, P=0.030]. Politano-Leadbetter surgery outperformed Cohen surgery in promoting the recovery of the anterior and posterior diameters of the renal pelvis [(1.48±0.82) cm vs.(1.62±0.54) cm, t=-1.748, P=0.030]. Conclusions:Pneumovesicoscopic Politano-Leadbetter operation can establish a longer submucosal tunnel without changing the ureteral shape and opening position, having good effects in treating VUJO combined with calyceal and ureteral calculi.Pneumovesicoscopic Politano-Leadbetter operation can also better improve postoperative recovery from hydronephrosis than Cohen operation.However, the pneumovesicoscopic Politano-Leadbetter operation is more difficult and requires longer time.The surgeon should choose a reasonable operation based on his/her own experience.

Objective:To evaluate the risk of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation in patients with end-stage hepatitis B related liver disease, and to explore the indications for antiviral therapy withdrawal.Methods:The data of HBV DNA, cccDNA in liver puncture tissues and peripheral blood in 31 patients after liver transplantation was retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 31 patients, 15 (48%) had detectable and quantified HBV DNA in liver biopsy tissue, while their HBV related serological indicators were negative, suggesting an occult HBV infection in some patients. The study found 15 out of 19 cases who were taking Entecavir were cccDNA negative (78.9%), compared to 5 out of 12 cases (41.6%) in Lamivudine regiment ( P=0.03). Conclusions:Hidden HBV infection can be detected by amplifying cccDNA and HBV DNA in liver puncture tissue by using ddPCR. Entecavir is superior to lamivudine in the clearance of cccDNA.