The inter-species differences of estradiol metabolism were investigated in human, Beagle dog and rat liver microsomes by comparing enzyme kinetics of parent drug and the formation of its major metabolites. The incubation systems of estradiol with liver microsomes of the three species were optimized in terms of estradiol concentration, microsomal protein content and incubation time. The concentrations of estradiol and its metabolites were measured by LC-MS/MS method. The t1/2, CLint, CLh, Km and Vmax of estradiol incubated with male human liver microsomes were 40.02 +/- 8.32 min, 41.39 +/- 6.57 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 13.81 +/- 12.36 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 26.8 +/- 6.99 micromol x L(-1) and 0.75 +/- 0.92 micromol x L(-1) x min(-1), respectively. The corresponding parameters of female human were 44.71 +/- 10.21 min, 29.85 +/- 8.97 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 0.01 +/- 0.68 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 44.2 +/- 7.73 micromol x L(-1) and 1.27 +/- 4.41 micromol x L(-1) x min(-1), that of male dog were 21 +/- 7.33 min, 165.53 +/- 29.33 mL x min(-1) xkg(-1), 26.01 +/- 8.39 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 19.5 +/- 7.34 micromol x L(-1) and 1.6 +/- 0.65 micromol x L(-1) x min(-1), that of female dog were 25.5 +/- 5.32 min, 135.11 +/- 42.34 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 0.24 +/- 3.18 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 8.33 +/- 6.32 micromol x L(-1) and 0.51 +/- 2.15 micromol x L(-1) x min(-1), that of male rat were 5.11 +/- 3.84 min, 485.63 +/- 36.52 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 49.57 +/- 15.29 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 62 +/- 13.74 micromol x L(-1) and 19.16 +/- 9.67 micromol x L(-1) x min(-1), and that of female rat were 7.0 +/- 3.69 min, 354.82 +/- 33.33 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 8.04 +/- 3.23 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1), 35.38 +/- 7.65 micromol x L(-1) and 8.39 +/- 4.91 micromol x L(-1) min(-1), respectively. There were nine metabolites detected from all the three species, but the relative amounts of the metabolites generated were different in three species. The results indicted that the major phase I metabolic pathway of estradiol was similar in the liver microsomes from all the three species. However, the inter-species differences were found in the view of relative amounts of the metabolites as well as the metabolic characteristics of estradiol in liver microsomal incubation.

A system coupling ethanol fermentation with microalgae culture was developed, in which CO2 produced during ethanol fermentation was used as carbon source for the growth of Tetraselmis subcordiformis, a microalgae accumulating starch intracellularly. The biomass concentration about 2.0 g DCW/L was achieved within the photobioreactor for the batch culture of 7 days, and intracellular starch accumulation was about 45%. Furthermore, ultrasonic pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were applied to the microalgae biomass, and 71.1% of the intracellular starch was converted into glucose that was fermented sequentially to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an ethanol yield of 87.6% of the theoretical value, indicating that the microalgae biomass could be an alternative feedstock for ethanol production to save grain consumption, and in the meantime mitigate the CO2 emission.
Batch Cell Culture Techniques ; Carbon Dioxide ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Ethanol ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Microalgae ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Photobioreactors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; metabolism ; Starch ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the influence of acute hypervolemic hemodilution(HHD)on pharmacokinetics of propofol.Methods Sixteen ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 20-55 yrs undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia were randomly allocated into 2 groups(n=8 each);Ⅰ control group and Ⅱ HHD group.The patients were premedicated with intramuscular phenobarbital 0.1 g and scopolamine 0.3 mg.Right internal jugular vein was cannulated for CVP monitoring and blood sampling.Radial artery was cannulated for BP monitoring.All patients in both groups received lactated Ringer's solution(0.7 ml?kg~(-1)? number of hours of fasting before operation)before induction of general anesthesia.In HHD group 4% gelofusine 20 ml?kg~(-1) was infused at the rate of 20 ml?kg~(-1)?h~(-1).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.04 mg?kg~(-1),fentanyl 4 ?g?kg~(-1) and propofol 1.5 mg?kg~(-1).Tracheal intubation was facilitated by succinylcholine 2 mg?kg~(-1).Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane,fentanyl,vecuronium and epidural analgesia.ECG,BP, SpO_2,P_(ET)CO_2 and CVP were continuously monitored.Blood samples were taken at 1,2,4,6,10,15,30,45, 60,75,90,120,150,180,240,300 and 360 min after propofol was given Ⅳ for determination of plasma concentration of propofol(HPLC).Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by 3P97 pharmacokinetic software.Results The two groups were comparable with respect to demographic data.Blood propofol concentrations were significantly lower in HHD group than in control group at 1,2,4,6,10 min after propofol injection(P＜0.01), thereafter there was no significant difference in plasma propofol concentration between the two groups(P＞0.05). The pharmacokinetic profile of propofol was well described by a standard three-compartment model.In HHD group V_C was significantly increased,K_(10) and Cl were significantly decreased and T_(1/2?) was significantly prolonged as compared with control group.Conclusion Acute HHD increases V_C,prolongs the T_(1/2?) and decreases K_(10) and Cl, suggesting that the effect of propofol may be potentiated by acute HHD.

OBJECTIVETo compare the fracture surface of the machinable infiltrated ceramic (MIC) prepared in different conditions, and to relate its strength and toughness to the differences in their microstructures.

METHODSThe Al2O3 matrix were prepared, infiltrated by the machinable glass and crystallized. Based on sintering and infiltrating time and conditions, the specimens were divided into three groups: Perfect group, insufficiently infiltrated group, mal-sintered substrate group. Specimens were fabricated, three point flexural strength and elastic modulus were tested, and the microstructure of the MIC fracture surfaces was analyzed by means of scanning electron micrograph (SEM) observation.

RESULTSThe strength of the insufficiently infiltrated group and mal-sintered substrate group were lower than that of the perfect group, and faults in the microstructure of these two groups also proved this. The foreland of glass infiltrating in the Al2O3 and the interface of glass and complex demonstrated that the Al2O3 surface was smoother than the complex and there was a big crack in the glass but not in the complex which proved the crack resistibility of glass and Al2O3 were smaller than that of the complex (MIC).

CONCLUSIONCorrect preparing process could make the glass infiltrate into properly sintered Al2O3 sufficiently which ensured best mechanical properties of the complex.

Aluminum Oxide ; Ceramics ; Dental Porcelain ; Glass ; Materials Testing ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

OBJECTIVETo investigate the frequency of USP6 gene rearrangement in nodular fasciitis (NF) and to evaluate its clinical application.

METHODSTwenty nine cases of previously diagnosed NF were screened for the presence of the USP6 gene rearrangement by interphase fluorescence-in-situ hybridization (FISH) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Fifteen of these cases, which had available tissue, were also analysed for MYH9-USP6 fusion transcripts by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSTwenty four of the 29 cases (83%) were positive for the USP6 gene rearrangement by interphase FISH. The 15 cases with RT-PCR showed the following results: 11 positive, one deletion and three negative for USP6 gene rearrangement. Of these 15 cases, eight (8/15) showed MYH9-USP6 fusion transcript by RT-PCR. Of these eight cases, seven were positive for USP6 gene rearrangement and one showed USP6 deletion by FISH.

CONCLUSIONSUSP6 gene rearrangement is a recurrent genetic event in NF. It is a valuable ancillary tool for the pathological diagnosis of these lesions.

Fasciitis ; genetics ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Interphase ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Translocation, Genetic ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase ; genetics

Objective To explore the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with desflurane anesthesia on cerebral oxygen metabolism,sedation depth and cerebral function in liver cancer patients undergoing partial hepatic lobectomy.Methods A total of 30 liver cancer patients undergoing partial hepatic lobectomy at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University from March to September 2022 were selected as the research subjects,they were divided into control group(n=15)and observation group(n=15)according to different anesthesia methods.Patients in both groups underwent partial open hepatectomy,and they were given the same anesthesia induction method.The patients in the control group received desflurane for anesthesia mainte-nance,while patients in the observation group received dexmedetomidine combined with desflurane for anesthesia maintenance.The anesthesia recovery indexes including the postoperative recovery time,recovery time of spontaneous breathing,eye-opening time of patients between the two groups were compared.The arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2),cervical vein oxygen saturation(SjvO2),arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2)and partial pressure of venous oxygen of patients were detected by blood gas analyzer before anesthesia induction(T0),at the completion of anesthesia induction(T,),at 10 minutes after hepatic portal occlusion(T2),after hepatic lobectomy(T3)and after surgery(T4),and arterio-venous oxygen content difference(AVDO2)and cerebral oxygen extraction rate(CEO2)were calculated.The sedation depth of patients was evaluated by bispectral index(BIS)and patient state index(PSI)at T0,T1,T2,T3 and T4.The cerebral function of patients was evaluated by the Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category scale at 3 months after surgery.The incidence of postoperative adverse reactions of patients between the two groups was compared.Results The postoperative recovery time,recovery time of sponta-neous breathing and eye-opening time of patients in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in SaO2 of patients between the two groups at different time points(P＞0.05).At T2 and T3,SjvO2,AVDO2 and CEO2 of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference in SjvO2,AVDO2 and CEO2 of patients between the two groups at the other time points(P＞0.05).At T2,T3 and T4,BIS and PSI of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference in BIS and PSI of patients between the two groups at T0 and T1(P＞0.05).In the control group,there were 11 patients with postoperative brain function in grade 1,3 patients in grade Ⅱ and 1 patient in grade Ⅲ;in the observation group,there were 12 patients in grade Ⅰ and 3 patients in gradeⅡ.There was no significant difference in postoperative grading of brain function between the two groups(x2=1.044,P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in the total incidence of postoperative adverse reactions between the control group and observation group[20.00％(3/15)vs 26.67％(4/15),x2=0.186,P＞0.05].Conclusion Dexmedetomidine combined with desflurane anesthesia can shorten anesthesia recovery time,improve anesthesia depth and reduce cerebral oxygen metabolism in patients undergoing liver cancer surgery,which has no effect on cerebral function,showing good safety.

Humans ; Aripiprazole/therapeutic use* ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy* ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Risperidone ; China ; Treatment Outcome