To explore the character of ideological and moral culture and legal basis and the teaching methods of new course at medical college,and to improve the substantial and perti-nent results of teaching.

the video case teaching method in the university legal base knowledge class is an effective teaching method.To utilize the video case teaching method in the teaching practice,the teacher should pay attention not only to choosing the appropriate case,but also to actively controlling the classroom process.

Objective To explore the regulating mechanism of the astrocytes on the expression of ?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors(AMPARs) subunit in epileptogenesis. Methods The astrocytic conditional medium(ACM) was collected after being stimulated by glutamate,and then ACM was added to the cultured hippocampal neurons.The expression changes of neuronal GluR2 and protein interacting with C-kinase-1(PICK1) mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Results In the cultured hippocampal neurons,the GluR2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased at the 2nd,8(th),and 12(th) hours after the administration of ACM compared with that in the control group(P

To investigate Japanese medical education modality such as the seminar,conference,session and so on,this article discussed the advanced experiences which should be used for reference in our medical education,researched proper ways and means according to our own medical education styles and provided reference to innovate medical education for graduate education and continuing education.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the kernel of articular genu, for the past few years, the incidence rate of cruciate ligament injury increased gradually.OBJECTIVE: To review on the mechanism of the injury of ACL, the method of operation, the election of transplant, the reconstruction of equilong, the reconstruction of ligament and so on, and to look forward to providing some references on treating the ACL injury.METHODS: A computer-based research was conducted in Medine database (1996-01/2009-03), with the key words of "Anterior cruciate ligament, implant, reconstruction, repair". Chongqing VIP database and Qinghua Tongfang database (1996-01/2009-03) were retrieved with the same key words.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 200 literatures on arthroscopic ACL reconstruction were collected, excluding older, repeated and similar research, and the 18 standard literatures were included. ACL is a key structure to stabilize knee joint, and exercises and various factors during daily life could induce its injury. Unsuitable treatment would severely affect movement ability or movement loss. To recover structure and function of knee joint, damaged ACL should be reconstructed. With the development of technique and innovation of surgical instrument, arthroscopic reconstruction has presently been a popular method to treat ACL. There are many methods to treat ACL injury, but none of them can duplicate ACL anatomical relationship. It is still in doubt whether the operation can reduce the secondary damage. We have much more work to research on modus operandi, implant, postoperative rehabilitation and other adjunctive therapies.

The chemical nature of spinal ganglionic neurons, the peripheral processes of which project divergently to the somatic and visceral areas, has been identified by means of tri-labeling method of combining fluorescein tracing and immunocytochemistry. Ten rats were used. First, 2?l of 2% fast blue (FB) were injected into the left coeliac ganglion. Two days later, 2% nuclear yellow (NY) was injected into left 9-11th intercostal nerves(l?l for each). On the 4th day, animal was perfused with 10% formalin in 0.1mol/L phosphate buffer.The left Th9-11 spinal ganglia were removed and cut into sections by cryostat. The sections were observed under fluorescence microscope and photographed. The results showed that there were three kinds of neurons in the spinal ganglia: (1) single FB labeled cells with blue fluorescent cytoplasm accounted for 38.8% of total labeled cells; (2) single NY labeled cells with yellow fluorescent nuclei accounted for 52,7%; (3) FB and NY double labeled cells accounted for 8.5% and mostly were small or medium in size. Then, the double labeled cells-containing sections were further processed by substance P-demonstrating PAP immunocytochemical staining. The immunostain and fluorescent photographs in the same section were compared and identified each other. We have found that the labeling ratio of SP/NY was 1.4%; SP/FB was 7% and SP/NY+FB was 28.8%. Present study has not only identified the convergence of somato-vesceral sensation in spinal ganglia but also detected the chemical nature of these neurons(substance P) for the first time. In addition, this result has provided a morphological basis for the mechanisma of referred pain and somato-visceral reflection.

Skin-visceral divergent projections of cholecystokinin(CCK)-containing dorsal root ganglion neurons were studied by combined technique of fluorescent double-labelling and immunohistochemistry. Fast Blue(FB) and Nuclear Yellow (NY) were injected into the coeliac ganglion and the cutaneous branches of left 9th-11th intercostal nerves, respectively. Three kinds of neurons labelled with fluorescein were observed in T_(9-11) dorsal root ganglia under Nikon fluorescence microscope with 365 nm excitation light: FB-labelled neurons with blue-fluorescing cytoplasm; NY-labelled neurons with yellow-fluorescing nucleus and double-labelled neurons with blue cytoplasm and yellow nucleus. The double-labelled neurons were found to be 2.8％ of total labelled neurons.The sections containing fluorescein labelled neurons were then stained by CCKimmunohistochemical procedure. Four kinds of neurons could be identified: NY-neurons, with CCK-immunoreactivity (NY+CCK); FB-neurons with CCK-immunoreactivity(FB + CCK);NY + FB neurons with CCK-immunoreactivity(NY + FB + CCK); Single CCK-positive neurons. NY + FB + CCK triple-labelled neurons accounted for approximately 11.5％ of NY + FB double-labelled neurons,and 0.4％ of all CCK-positive neurons.The findings clearly indicated that the peripheral processes of some sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons project divergently to both skin and visceral structure, and contain CCK. The present results suggest that the peripheral dichotomization of the dorsal root ganglion nearons might converge sensory inputs from both skin and visceral fields, and thus not only provide one of the structural basis for the referred pain but also reveal that CCK might play a mediation role in the skin-visceral reflection and referred pain.

Objective To investigate the effect of astrocytes activated by TNF? on the relapse of epilepsy. Methods The purified astrocytes of cultured rat hippocampus were stimulated by TNF?.The expression of NF\|? Bp65 was checked by immunocytochemical method and the release of glutamate(Glu) from astrocytes was measured by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The astrocytes conditioned medium(ACM) stimulated by TNF? was collected and injected into lateral ventricle of chronic Coriaria Lactone kindled rats during the interictal period.The changes both in behavior and electroencephalogram(EEG) were recorded.The expression of NF\|? Bp65 and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) of hippocampus were also studied by immunocytochemical method. Results 1.TNF? could promote the release of Glu by astrocytes and quickly induce the nuclear expression of NF\|? Bp65 in cultured astrocytes.2.After lateral ventricular injection,four class epileptic behaviors were induced,which were confirmed by epileptic charge EEG.At 0\^5?h after injection of ACM,NF ? Bp65 expression in hippocampal cells especially in the CAl area were induced.It reached to the maximal levels at 2\|4?h and returned to control level at 8h.At 1h after injection of ACM,the increase of the number of positive GFAP \|immunoreactivity(IR) cells of hippocampus could be observed.The expression of GFAP reached to the top level at 4h and still maintained at a higher level than the control group until 8h.Conclusion\ Astrocytes activa\|ted by TNF? could induce the relapse of epilepsy by some solube neuro\|active substance.

Objective To explore the relationship between interleukin-1?(IL-1?) and group Ⅱ metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluR2/3). Methods The rats were randomly divided into five groups:1^cotrol;2^group Glu;3^group IL-1?+Glu;4^group IL-1?;5^group IL-1?+D-AP5+Glu.The behavior of animals was observed.Expression of mGluR2/3 mRNA was assayed with RT-PCR. Results The alteration of behavior showed that the latent period of seizure in group with IL-1?+Glu was shortened significantly and the degree of seizure was also more serious as compared with that in group Glu.Expression of mGluR2/3 mRNA showed marked enhancement in group with IL-1?+Glu and group with Glu compared with control.However,expression of mGluR2 mRNA in group IL-1?+Glu was markedly decreased as compared to that in group Glu;the level of mGluR3 mRNA showed no apparent difference between group IL-1?+Glu and group Glu.Conclusion Present study suggests that IL-1? enhances the degree of seizure induced by glutamate,the mechanism may be due to its direct or indirect effects on down-regulation of expression of mGluR2 mRNA.

The relationship between CCK-and VP-neurons in the rat retrochiasmatic area was studied at ultrastructural level by means of pre-embedding(PAP) double immunoelectron microscopic labeling technique. First, the VP-immunoreactivity was demonstrated by DAB method. After thoroughly washing, the CCK-immuno- reactivity was revealed by ammonium molybdate-TMB method. Being stabili- zed by DAB-cobalt chloride, the sections were embedded in Epon 812. Under ele- ctron microscope, it was observed that in the retrochiasmatic area, the VP-LI products distributed diffusely as high electron dense granular or flocculent depo- sits, whereas the CCK-LI products distributed sparsely as needle-or mass-like deposits. VP-LI perikarya were small in size with oval shape and CCK-LI peri- karya were medium in size with polygonal shape. CCK-LI perikarya and dendri- tes received afferent synapses from non-CCK- and non-VP-axonal terminals VP- LI axons received afferent synapses from VP and non-VP-axonal terminals It was interesting that the VP-LI axonal terminals formed efferent axoaxonic syna- pses with CCK-LI axonal endings and, vice versa, the CCK-LI axonal terminals established also efferent axoaxonic synapses with VP-LI axonal endings. The above mentioned results identified for the first time that in the rat retrochiasma- tic area not only there were CCK- and VP-neurons, but also there were reciprocal synaptic regulations between above two kinds of peptidergic neuron, providing new ultrastructural basis for the regulatory mechanism of the neuroendocrine in hypothalamus.