To explore the character of ideological and moral culture and legal basis and the teaching methods of new course at medical college,and to improve the substantial and perti-nent results of teaching.

the video case teaching method in the university legal base knowledge class is an effective teaching method.To utilize the video case teaching method in the teaching practice,the teacher should pay attention not only to choosing the appropriate case,but also to actively controlling the classroom process.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the kernel of articular genu, for the past few years, the incidence rate of cruciate ligament injury increased gradually.OBJECTIVE: To review on the mechanism of the injury of ACL, the method of operation, the election of transplant, the reconstruction of equilong, the reconstruction of ligament and so on, and to look forward to providing some references on treating the ACL injury.METHODS: A computer-based research was conducted in Medine database (1996-01/2009-03), with the key words of "Anterior cruciate ligament, implant, reconstruction, repair". Chongqing VIP database and Qinghua Tongfang database (1996-01/2009-03) were retrieved with the same key words.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 200 literatures on arthroscopic ACL reconstruction were collected, excluding older, repeated and similar research, and the 18 standard literatures were included. ACL is a key structure to stabilize knee joint, and exercises and various factors during daily life could induce its injury. Unsuitable treatment would severely affect movement ability or movement loss. To recover structure and function of knee joint, damaged ACL should be reconstructed. With the development of technique and innovation of surgical instrument, arthroscopic reconstruction has presently been a popular method to treat ACL. There are many methods to treat ACL injury, but none of them can duplicate ACL anatomical relationship. It is still in doubt whether the operation can reduce the secondary damage. We have much more work to research on modus operandi, implant, postoperative rehabilitation and other adjunctive therapies.

Objective To explore the regulating mechanism of the astrocytes on the expression of ?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors(AMPARs) subunit in epileptogenesis. Methods The astrocytic conditional medium(ACM) was collected after being stimulated by glutamate,and then ACM was added to the cultured hippocampal neurons.The expression changes of neuronal GluR2 and protein interacting with C-kinase-1(PICK1) mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Results In the cultured hippocampal neurons,the GluR2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased at the 2nd,8(th),and 12(th) hours after the administration of ACM compared with that in the control group(P

The chemical nature of spinal ganglionic neurons, the peripheral processes of which project divergently to the somatic and visceral areas, has been identified by means of tri-labeling method of combining fluorescein tracing and immunocytochemistry. Ten rats were used. First, 2?l of 2% fast blue (FB) were injected into the left coeliac ganglion. Two days later, 2% nuclear yellow (NY) was injected into left 9-11th intercostal nerves(l?l for each). On the 4th day, animal was perfused with 10% formalin in 0.1mol/L phosphate buffer.The left Th9-11 spinal ganglia were removed and cut into sections by cryostat. The sections were observed under fluorescence microscope and photographed. The results showed that there were three kinds of neurons in the spinal ganglia: (1) single FB labeled cells with blue fluorescent cytoplasm accounted for 38.8% of total labeled cells; (2) single NY labeled cells with yellow fluorescent nuclei accounted for 52,7%; (3) FB and NY double labeled cells accounted for 8.5% and mostly were small or medium in size. Then, the double labeled cells-containing sections were further processed by substance P-demonstrating PAP immunocytochemical staining. The immunostain and fluorescent photographs in the same section were compared and identified each other. We have found that the labeling ratio of SP/NY was 1.4%; SP/FB was 7% and SP/NY+FB was 28.8%. Present study has not only identified the convergence of somato-vesceral sensation in spinal ganglia but also detected the chemical nature of these neurons(substance P) for the first time. In addition, this result has provided a morphological basis for the mechanisma of referred pain and somato-visceral reflection.

Skin-visceral divergent projections of cholecystokinin(CCK)-containing dorsal root ganglion neurons were studied by combined technique of fluorescent double-labelling and immunohistochemistry. Fast Blue(FB) and Nuclear Yellow (NY) were injected into the coeliac ganglion and the cutaneous branches of left 9th-11th intercostal nerves, respectively. Three kinds of neurons labelled with fluorescein were observed in T_(9-11) dorsal root ganglia under Nikon fluorescence microscope with 365 nm excitation light: FB-labelled neurons with blue-fluorescing cytoplasm; NY-labelled neurons with yellow-fluorescing nucleus and double-labelled neurons with blue cytoplasm and yellow nucleus. The double-labelled neurons were found to be 2.8％ of total labelled neurons.The sections containing fluorescein labelled neurons were then stained by CCKimmunohistochemical procedure. Four kinds of neurons could be identified: NY-neurons, with CCK-immunoreactivity (NY+CCK); FB-neurons with CCK-immunoreactivity(FB + CCK);NY + FB neurons with CCK-immunoreactivity(NY + FB + CCK); Single CCK-positive neurons. NY + FB + CCK triple-labelled neurons accounted for approximately 11.5％ of NY + FB double-labelled neurons,and 0.4％ of all CCK-positive neurons.The findings clearly indicated that the peripheral processes of some sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons project divergently to both skin and visceral structure, and contain CCK. The present results suggest that the peripheral dichotomization of the dorsal root ganglion nearons might converge sensory inputs from both skin and visceral fields, and thus not only provide one of the structural basis for the referred pain but also reveal that CCK might play a mediation role in the skin-visceral reflection and referred pain.

To investigate Japanese medical education modality such as the seminar,conference,session and so on,this article discussed the advanced experiences which should be used for reference in our medical education,researched proper ways and means according to our own medical education styles and provided reference to innovate medical education for graduate education and continuing education.

The relationship between CCK-and VP-neurons in the rat retrochiasmatic area was studied at ultrastructural level by means of pre-embedding(PAP) double immunoelectron microscopic labeling technique. First, the VP-immunoreactivity was demonstrated by DAB method. After thoroughly washing, the CCK-immuno- reactivity was revealed by ammonium molybdate-TMB method. Being stabili- zed by DAB-cobalt chloride, the sections were embedded in Epon 812. Under ele- ctron microscope, it was observed that in the retrochiasmatic area, the VP-LI products distributed diffusely as high electron dense granular or flocculent depo- sits, whereas the CCK-LI products distributed sparsely as needle-or mass-like deposits. VP-LI perikarya were small in size with oval shape and CCK-LI peri- karya were medium in size with polygonal shape. CCK-LI perikarya and dendri- tes received afferent synapses from non-CCK- and non-VP-axonal terminals VP- LI axons received afferent synapses from VP and non-VP-axonal terminals It was interesting that the VP-LI axonal terminals formed efferent axoaxonic syna- pses with CCK-LI axonal endings and, vice versa, the CCK-LI axonal terminals established also efferent axoaxonic synapses with VP-LI axonal endings. The above mentioned results identified for the first time that in the rat retrochiasma- tic area not only there were CCK- and VP-neurons, but also there were reciprocal synaptic regulations between above two kinds of peptidergic neuron, providing new ultrastructural basis for the regulatory mechanism of the neuroendocrine in hypothalamus.

The divergent projections in the bulbo-cerebellar system of rats were studied by double fluorescein labeling method. 2 ?1 of 2％ Fast blue (FB)were injected into the cerebellar cortex of left anterior lobe, 32 hours later, 2 ?l of 2％ Nuclear yellow (NY)were injected into the cerebellar cortex of right anteior lobe. The animals were allowed to survive 16 hours thereafter. Intracardiac perfusion were performed with 10％ formalin in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer. The cerebellum and medulla oblongata were removed and serial sections at 20 ?m were cut by cryostat. One of every two sections was preserved for fluorescence microscopic observation. The results identified that there was no intereonnection between the anterior lobes of two cerebellar hemispheres and the anterior lobe of cerebellum received afferent projections from much more nuclei of the medulla oblongata than previous description. The FB or NY single labeled and FB/NY double labeled cells were observed in the nucleus reticularis lateralis, subnucleus reticularis ventralis, nucleus raphe obscurus, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, nucleus cuneatus lateralis, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini and nucleus olivaris aceessorius dorsalis. The double labeled cells accounted for 23％ of total labeled cells except the nucleus olivaris inferior. The results mentioned above suggested that the cerebellum receive multiple afferent connections originated from the medulla oblongata, and the divergent projections further amplify the information-receiving areas in the cerebellum, and synchronize the activities of both cerebellar hemispheres.

In order to clarify the regulatory mechanism of the neurohormone releasing in the neurohypophysis, the immunohistochemical and chemical lesion method were combined to demonstrate the vasopressin (VP)-and catecholamine (CA)-containing nerve terminals, and their distribution and relationship were observed under electron microscopic level. The results showed that in the rat neurohypophysis there were not only widely distributed VP nerve terminals, but also there were many 6-OHDA induced degenerated nerve endings. The close relationship even synapse-like contacts existed between the CA-ergic endings and pituicytes as well as microglial cells. It was very interesting that the CA-ergic boutons formed axoaxonic synapses with VP-containing boutons. In this case, the CA-bouton was presynaptic element whereas the VP-bouton served as postsynaptic element. The above mentioned results probably provided ultrastructural evidence for the regulatory mechanism of the neurohormone releasing in the neurohypophysis for the first time.