Objective To assess the cleaning effect of central air conditioning ventilation systems. Methods During 2006—2007, the quality of 15 central air conditioning ventilation systems from 5 hotels in Tianjin were assessed before and after cleaning and disinfection. Results Before the central air conditioning ventilation systems being cleaned and disinfected, the medians of the dust in central air conditioning ventilation system, the aerobic bacterial counts in dust, the fungus counts in dust, the aerobic bacterial count in ventilation system, and the PM10 were 60.67 g/m2, 40 cfu/m2, 14 cfu/m2, 1 074 cfu/m3, 304 cfu/m3 and 0.09 mg/m3 respectively. After that, the medians were 0.26 g/m2, 0 cfu/m2, 0.2 cfu/m2, 219 cfu/m3, 121 cfu/m3 and 0.07 mg/m3 respectively. The eligible rates were 20%(3/15), 87.8%(36/41), 82.9%(34/41), 18.3%(11/60), 66.7%(40/60) and 65.7%(23/35) before the systems being cleaned and disinfected, by comparison, they were 100%(15/15), 100%(41/41), 100%(41/41), 91.7%(55/60), 96.7%(58/60) and 100%(35/35) after being cleaned and disinfected. Before the systems being cleaned and disinfected, the eligible rates of hemolytic streptococcus in ventilation systems, Legionella pneumophila in cooling water and condensed water were 100%(39/39), 80%(4/5) and 100%(5/5), after that, they were all 100%. Conclusion Cleaning and disinfecting is an effective way to improve the hygiene quality of central air conditioning ventilation systems. For protecting the people health, central air conditioning ventilation systems should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.

Objective To know the epidemiological characteristics of children dental fluorosis in endemic fluorosis areas in Tianjin. Methods Ten prevalent areas were selected and 55 villages were collected by cluster sampling in 2008. Such indicators of endemic fluorosis as the content of water fluoride in the investigated villages,the state of dental fluorosis among the children aged 8-12 years,the concentration of urine fluoride were investigated. Results The average rates of dental fluorosis were different among different areas(?2=773.571,P=0.000) ,positively correlated with the content of water fluoride(r=0.924,P=0.000) . In serious prevalent areas,the average rates of dental fluorosis were different among age groups(?2=16.351,P=0.003) . The geometric mean of urine fluoride was different among different areas(H=75.356,P=0.000) ,positively correlated with the content of water fluoride(r= 0.266,P =0.000) . In the same area,no significant difference was observed in the geometric mean of urine fluoride among age groups. Conclusion In Tianjin,endemic fluorosis is still very serious and the efficient control will be promoted.

Objective To explore the contamination of water samples from centralized air conditioning system and other domestic environment by legionella. Methods One hundred and eighty-six samples were collected from 75 sampling sites located among centralized air conditioning system, shower bath and humidifiers. The serology identification and semi-nested PCR were used to identify legionella in water samples. Results The positive rate was 8.60% (16/186) for legionella and 8.06%(15/186) for Legionella pneumophila among water samples respectively. Legionella and Legionella pneumophila were found in cooling water and condensate of centralized air conditioning system and water from shower bath in different degree. Water samples from cooling tower of centralized air conditioning system showed the highest positive rate for legionella and Legionella pneumophila. Conclusion Cooling water and condensate of centralized air conditioning system and water from shower bath present the risk of contamination by legionella. It should be paid more attention to prevent legionnaires' disease.

OBJECTIVE: To promote the rational use of antibiotics.METHODS: A retrospectively analysis was conducted on the application of antibiotics in 4 186 discharge case histories in 2005.RESULTS: Of the total 4 186 cases,the application rate of antibiotics was 64.48%,among which,56.17% were prophylactic use of antibiotics and 5.89% used antibiotics without indication.The consumption of antibiotics occupied 45.90% of the total medicines consumed.The nosocomial infection rate was 4.16%,of which,23.56% were fungous infections.The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 2.56%.CONCLUSION: The rate for the prophylactic use of antibiotics in our hospital is on the high side,which may result in high incidences of drug resistant strains and nosocomial infections,therefore,measures should taken to tight the control of the administration of antibiotics.

Objective To strdy the purifying efficiency of two types of a certain brand of ozone air cleaner to decontaminate gases of formaldehyde and benzene in simulated rooms air.Methods Formaldehyde and benzene were sprayed in the space of simulated tested rooms according to the concentration of 0.4mg/m3 respectively:then the tested rooms were airtightened for 0.5 h till the end of natural volatilization and the concentrations of tested chemicals in room air becoming stable.The air sampling was carried out by personal samplers with hydroxybenzene absorbents and active carbon sampling tube at the 30th minute,1st hour and 2nd hour after the running of two types of air cleaners.Results The temperatures and relative humidities of the simulated tested rooms were 12.4℃～14.8℃ and 36.3%℃～48.2℃ respectively.At the 30th minute,1st hour and 2nd hour after the starting of air purifying cleaner,the purifying efficiencies of air cleaner with single-slice pottery were 9.24%,44.42%and 55.99% for benzene, and 3.19%,6.79%,10.41% for formaldehyde respectively,the purifying efficiencies of air cleaner with double-slice pottery were 58.81%,62.74% and 72.99% for benzene,and 6.57%,7.53%,11.20% for fomaldehyde respectively.Conclusicn These two types of air cleaners presented a certain purifying efficiencies to hazardous gases such as benzene and formaldehyde in indoor air.The air cleaner need run continuously to maintain the prifying efficiencies dew to the continual release of partial hazardous gases of formaldehyde and benzene in indoor air adsorpted on wall surface.

Osteoporosis （OP） and osteoarthritis （OA） are common bone diseases in clinic. OP is a systemic skeletal disease， and OA is a chronic degenerative joint disease with high prevalence and disability rates. With the advent of the aging population， the incidence rate of OA and OP is increasing year by year， and they have become common diseases of the elderly. The quality of life and physical and mental health of patients are severely affected by the above two bone diseases. Chinese medicine has a long history of treating bone diseases， with a good clinical effect on preventing and treating OP， OA， and other bone diseases with few side effects. It is one of the commonly used methods to treat bone diseases. Polysaccharides， as one of the active substances of Chinese medicine， have various pharmacological activities and a wide range of sources with low toxicity， and their effect cannot be ignored. The role of polysaccharides in the treatment of bone diseases has been deeply studied. It has been found that the mechanism of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in treating OP and OA involves multiple levels， targets， and pathways. Through the analysis and summary of the relevant literature on the mechanism of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in treating OP and OA， it was found that Chinese medicine polysaccharides mainly treated OP by regulating the bone dynamic balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts and affecting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and bone microstructure. The mechanism of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in the treatment of OA is related to the regulation of chondrocyte growth， the increase in the proteoglycan and collagen content in the cartilage matrix， and the reduction of oxygen free radical content and inflammatory mediator level. This study aimed to further explore the internal relationship among mechanisms of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in the treatment of bone diseases， to provide relevant ideas for the study of Chinese medicine polysaccharides in the treatment of bone diseases.

Objective:To measure the color values of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma and the contents of gentiopicroside,the appearance index value of the representative color was correlated with the intrinsic index value representing the quality,in order to explore the correlation between the contents of active ingredients and the color values,and provide basis for the quality evaluation of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma. Method:The color difference values of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma powder was measured by colorimeter.The content determination method of gentiopicroside in the 2015 edition of China Pharmacopoeia was adopted. The content of gentiopicroside was determined by HPLC,and the correlation and regression analysis was carried out by SPSS 21.0 software. Result:There was a significantly positive correlation between the contents of gentiopicroside and L^* (representing colorshade)and E^* ab(representing total color difference)(P<0.01),while the contents of gentiopicroside and a^* (representing color red-green direction) and b^* (representing color yellow-blue direction) had a significantly negative correlation (P<0.01). Conclusion:The color value of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma has a certain correlation with the content of gentiopicroside,and yellowish Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma contain more active ingredients, with a better quality.The contents of gentiopicroside active ingredients in Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma can be quickly predicted by determining the color difference values,which can provide a new idea for quality evaluation of this herb.

Objective To investigate the effect of high-mobility group box protein1 (HMGB1) on the expression of TNF-αand its mechanism in 16HBE in vitro. Methods groups with different HMGB1 (0, 100, 500, 2 000 ng/mL) concentration was set; RAGE antagonizing groups were as control, HMGB1-2000ng, anti-RAGE and anti-RAGE+HMGB1. The changes of TNF-αmRNA and secretion were determined by quantitative PCR and ELISA. RAGE protein level was measured by western blotting. Results HMGB1 intervention and TNF-α expression of 16HBE presented a positive dose-dependent relationship. Thechanges of RAGE was HMGB1positively concentration dependent. In comparison with HMGB1 2 000 ng/mL group, anti-RAGE+HMGB1showed a remarkable reduction of TNF-α secretion. Conclusion In vitro, HMGB1 increases TNF-α expression in 16HBE with a dose-dependent manner through RAGE.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between thyroid function, iodine nutrition level and thyroid autoantibodies in pregnant women.Methods:In 2016, pregnant women were selected from different water iodine areas in Tianjin. A disposable urine sample of 25 ml was collected to determine urine iodine, and 3 ml of intravenous non-anticoagulated blood was collected to determine serum thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies. Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used to determine the thyroid function indexes [free triiodothyronine (FT 3), free thyroxine (FT 4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)], thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels in pregnant women. According to serum TSH and FT 4 levels, pregnant women were divided into the euthyroidism group and subclinical hypothyroidism group(referred to as hypothyroidism). Urine iodine arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry was used to detect the urine iodine level of pregnant women. The correlation between urinary iodine levels and thyroid function indexes of the two groups of pregnant women was analyzed, and single factor and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of hypothyroidism. Results:There were 798 pregnant women in the euthyroidism group and 28 pregnant women in the hypothyroidism group. The hypothyroidism detection rate was 3.39% (28/826). In the euthyroidism group and hypothyroidism group, 43.73% (349/798) and 46.43% (13/28) of pregnant women had urine iodine levels < 150 μg/L, respectively. There was no correlation between urine iodine level and serum TSH ( r = 0.038, P > 0.05), and a positive correlation with serum FT 4 ( r = 0.077, P < 0.05). The differences between the euthyroidism group and the hypothyroidism group in the median (interquartile range) of TPOAb and TgAb were statistically significant ( Z = - 3.986, - 3.411, P < 0.05). After logistic regression analysis, TPOAb was a risk factor for hypothyroidism ( OR = 3.428, 95% CI: 1.131 - 10.388). Conclusions:Urine iodine and thyroid autoantibodies should be screened as routine examination items before or during pregnancy. Correct iodine deficiency in time, avoid blindly excessive iodine supplement, and reduce the occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women, so as to reduce the adverse effects on mothers and their offspring.

OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for the content determination of gentiopicrin and loganic acid in Gentiana scabra， and to investigate the correlation of their contents with appearance traits and quality gradation criterion. METHODS： HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Ascentis Express C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ phosphoric acid-acetonitrile （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃， and detection wavelength was set at 240 nm. The sample size was 1 μL. Taking the length， number and diameter of fibrous roots as indexes， the appearance and morphological characteristics of G. scabra were studied. The relationship of gentiopicrin and loganic acid content with the appearance property of medicinal material was analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software. k-mean clustering analysis was carried out by using SPSS 21.0 software， and gradation standard for G. scabra was established preliminarily. RESULTS： The linear range of gentiopicrin and loganic acid were 0.5-3.0 μg/mL （r＝0.999 9） and 0.05-0.50 μg/mL （r＝0.999 9）. The limit of quantification of gentiopicrin and loganic acid were 0.295， 0.289 μg/mL； the detection limit were 0.082， 0.081 μg/mL； RSDs of precision， stability， repeatability tests were all lower than 2％； the recovery rates were 97.56％- 102.23％ （RSD＝1.56％， n＝6） and 97.58％-102.67％ （RSD＝1.86％， n＝6）. Correlation results showed that there was a significant positive correlation of the length of G. scabra， the number of roots， root diameter， with the contents of gentiopicrin and loganic acid. The order of affecting content was the number of roots ＞length ＞root diameter. k-means clustering analysis showed that 54 batches of G. scabra was divided into two categories； S4-S6，S13，S17-S23，S25，S28，S31-S34 were clustered into a category； S1-S3， S7-S12， S14-S16， S24， S26，S27，S29， S30，S35-S54 were clustered into the other category. The results of gradation showed that 54 batches of G. scabra could be divided into two grades， and the results were consistent with the cluster analysis. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is simple and stable， and can be used for simultaneous determination of gentiopicrin and loganic acid in G. scabra. The more fibrous roots， the longer the length， the thicker the root， the higher the content of gentiopicroside and loganic acid， the better the quality of G. scabra.