Catheterization, Central Venous ; adverse effects ; instrumentation ; Catheters, Indwelling ; adverse effects ; Central Venous Catheters ; adverse effects ; Device Removal ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effect in treatment of the recurrent allergic (Henoch-Schönlein) purpura and prevention of renal impairment by means of integrative Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM).

METHODSOne hundred and seventy-six children with allergic purpura were randomly divided into the treated group (Based on the Western routine therapy of the control group, Kangmin Xiaoban Yin, a kind of TCM decoction, was added for 7-10 days) and the control group. Levels of urinary beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) and serum IgA, IgE were measured before and after treatment. And clinical observation on the disappearance time (DT) of abdominal pain, arthralgia and purpura were implemented.

RESULTSThe DT of joint swelling, arthralgia, and purpura in the treated group was shorter than those in the control group, showing significant difference (P<0.01). Comparison between groups in urinary beta2-MG and serum IgA and IgE before treatment and 1 week after treatment were insignificantly different (P>0.05), but at 1 month and 6 months after treatment, the level of urinary beta2-MG in the treated group was lower than that in the control group, with significant difference (P<0.05), and levels of serum IgA and IgE at 1 month after treatment in the former were lower than those in the control group, also showing significant difference (P<0.05, P<0.01). Six-month recurreat rate in the treated group was 23.5%, while that in the control group. There was significant difference in comparison in 1/2-year recurrent rate (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONICWM in treating allergic purpura could reduce the repeated episodes and shorten the hospitalization time, and effectively prevent the renal impairment of the disease.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; blood ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Kidney Diseases ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Prednisone ; therapeutic use ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; complications ; drug therapy ; Secondary Prevention ; beta 2-Microglobulin ; urine

AIMTo study the stereoselectivity in O-demethylation of trans tramadol.

METHODSWith or without quinine and quinidine as inhibitors, rat liver microsomes were incubated in vitro with the enantiomers or the racemate of trans tramadol. The concentrations of the enantiomers of trans tramadol and O-demethyltramadol in the incubates were determined by high performance capillary electrophoresis. The O-demethylation processes were assayed by using the enzyme kinetic analysis method.

RESULTSAfter incubation, the concentrations of (-)-O-demethyltramadol were higher than those of (+)-enantiomer in all rat liver microsomal incubates. Enzyme kinetic analysis showed that the Km of the formation of the enantiomers of O-demethyltramadol were similar; The Vmax and Clint of the formation of (-)-O-demethyltramadol were significantly higher than those of the formation of (+)-enantiomer. When the racemate of trans tramadol was used as the substrate, there was interaction between the two enantiomers. The Km of the formation of the enantiomers of O-demethyltramadol increased, the Vmax of the formation of (+)-O-demethyltramadol decreased, the Vmax of the formation of (-)-O-demethyltramadol increased slightly. The O-demethylation of the enantiomers of trans tramadol was shown to be inhibited competitively by quinine and quinidine. The Ki of quinine and quinidine were 1.6 and 10.8 mumol.L-1 to the formation of (-)-O-demethyltramadol, 0.8 and 3.4 mumol.L-1 to the formation of (+)-O-demethyltramadol, respectively. Furthermore, quinine and quinidine were found to have stereoselective inhibition on the formation of O-demethyltramadol, both mainly inhibited the formation of (+)-O-demethyltramadol.

CONCLUSIONThe O-demethylation of trans tramadol was found to be stereoselective in rat liver microsomes in vitro, preferentially metabolized (-)-enantiomer. The stereoselectivity could be influenced by the interaction between the two enantiomers and the enzyme selective inhibitors.

Analgesics, Opioid ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Separation ; Male ; Microsomes, Liver ; metabolism ; Quinidine ; pharmacology ; Quinine ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stereoisomerism ; Tramadol ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism

AIMTo compare the effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) and Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on beta-amyloid peptide (beta-AP) fibril formation and cytotoxicity to PC12 cells.

METHODSThe inhibitory effects of Sal B and EGb 761 on beta-AP1-40 fibril formation were determined by using fluorescence analysis with Thioflavin T (ThT) and electron microscopic image. beta-AP25-35 was aged by incubating at 37 degrees C for 7 d, then the protein was incubated with PC12 cells. The protective effects of Sal B and EGb 761 against cytotoxicity induced by aged beta-AP25-35 in PC12 cells were evaluated by MTT reduction assay and flow cytometric analysis. beta-AP25-35-induced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by fluorescence analysis.

RESULTSBoth Sal B and EGb 761 inhibited the formation of amyloid fibrils, protected PC12 cells from beta-AP25-35-induced cytotoxicity, and decreased ROS accumulation caused by beta-AP25-35. The effective doses of Sal B were far lower than those of EGb 761.

CONCLUSIONSal B was much more efficient than EGb 761 in inhibiting beta-AP aggregation and in protecting PC12 cells from beta-AP-induced cytotoxicity.

Amyloid beta-Peptides ; chemistry ; toxicity ; ultrastructure ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzofurans ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Flow Cytometry ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Intracellular Fluid ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neuroprotective Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; PC12 Cells ; Peptide Fragments ; chemistry ; toxicity ; ultrastructure ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the distribution and quantity of CD44+/CD24- cells in breast cancer tissue and the cell lines, and as well as its correlation with the expression of various breast cancer markers and molecular subtyping of breast carcinoma.

METHODSThe expression of CD44/CD24, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2, human estrogen-induced protein PS2, bcl-2 and nm23 in 60 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of breast were studied by either single or double immunohistochemical staining. The co-expression of CD44 and CD24 in 3 breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231) was also examined.

RESULTSThe quantity and distribution of CD44+/CD24- cells varied greatly and no specific patterns were identified. The percentage of CD44+/CD24- in breast cancer was 65%. The amount of CD44+/CD24- cells did not correlate with the age of patients, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, molecular subtypes and expression of various breast cancer markers in breast carcinoma. The proportion of CD44+/CD24- cells in MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was <1%, 5% and >80%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSCD44+/CD24- cells are demonstrated in certain breast cancer tissues and cell lines. However, there is no relationship obtained between the quantity or the distribution of these cells and the molecular subtyping or the clinicopathologic parameters in breast cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; Breast Neoplasms ; classification ; metabolism ; pathology ; CD24 Antigen ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; classification ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Female ; Humans ; Hyaluronan Receptors ; metabolism ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Receptor, ErbB-2 ; metabolism ; Receptors, Progesterone ; metabolism ; Trefoil Factor-1 ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; metabolism

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclosporine ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Fibronectins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; PPAR gamma ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Rats ; Thiazolidinediones ; pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; biosynthesis ; genetics

Although ethylene glycol (EG) has been widely used for embryo cryopreservation in domestic animals, few attempts were made to use this molecule to freeze mouse and human embryos. In the few studies that used EG for slow-freezing of mouse and human embryos, complicated protocols for human embryos were used, and the protocols need to be simplified. Besides, freezing mouse morula with EG as a cryoprotectant has not been reported. In this paper, we studied the effects of embryo stages, EG concentration, duration and procedure of equilibration, sucrose supplementation and EG removal after thawing on the development of thawed mouse embryos, using the simple freezing and thawing procedures for bovine embryos. The blastulation and hatching rates (81.92% +/- 2.24% and 68.56% +/- 2.43%, respectively) of the thawed late compact morulae were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of embryos frozen-thawed at other stages. When mouse late compact morulae were frozen with different concentrations of EG, the highest rates of blastocyst formation and hatching were obtained with 1.8mol/L EG. The blastulation rate was significantly higher when late morulae were equilibrated in 1.8 mol/L EG for 10 min prior to freezing than when they were equilibrated for 30 min, and the hatching rate of embryos exposed to EG for 10 min was significantly higher than that of embryos exposed for 20 and 30 min. Both rates of blastocyst formation and hatching obtained with two-step equilibration were higher (P < 0.05) than with one-step equilibration in 1.8 mol/L EG. Addition of sucrose to the EG-based solution had no beneficial effects. On the contrary, an increased sucrose level (0.4 mol/L) in the solution impaired the development of the frozen-thawed embryos. In contrast, addition of 0.1 mol/L sucrose to the propylene glycol (PG)-based solution significantly improved the development of the frozen-thawed embryos. Elimination of the cryoprotectant after thawing did not improve the development of the thawed embryos. The cell numbers were less (P < 0.05) in blastocysts developed from the thawed morulae than in the in vivo derived ones. In summary, embryo stage, EG concentration, duration and procedure of equilibration and sucrose supplementation had marked effects on development of the thawed mouse embryos, and a protocol for cryopreservation of mouse embryos is recommended in which the late morulae are frozen in 1.8 mol/L EG using the simple freezing and thawing procedures of bovine embryos after a two-step equilibration and the embryos can be cultured or transferred without EG removal after thawing.
Animals ; Cryopreservation ; methods ; Cryoprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Embryo, Mammalian ; drug effects ; physiology ; Embryonic Development ; physiology ; Ethylene Glycol ; pharmacology ; Female ; Mice ; Morula ; physiology ; Pregnancy ; Sucrose ; pharmacology

BACKGROUND: Caspofungin, a novel echinocandins systemic antifungal agent, has been shown to exert broad-spectrum antibacterial effect on deep fungal infections, which is superior to or equivalent with the role of amphotericin B, but there is no report on its application for preventing fungal infection after renal transplantation.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the difference in high risk factors of fungal infection after kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors and living-related donor kidney transplantations, and to explore the feasibility and safety of caspofungin to prevent fungal infection after kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors.METHODS: This was a prospective, single-center, controlled trial finished at the Department of Kidney Transplantation,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China. Totally 188 patients undergoing primary kidney transplantation without history of fungal infection and use of antifungal drugs between January 2012 and August 2013 were enrolled, including kidney transplantation with donation after cardiac death donors (n=102, trail group), and kidney transplantation with living-related donors (n=86, control group). The CYP3A5 genotype was determined preoperatively. All patients received tacrolimus+mycophenolate mofetil+prednisone triple immunosuppression after transplantation. The trial group was subjected to caspofungin therapy for 2 weeks. The risk factors for fungal infection in the two groups were compared, and the effects of caspofungin on the tacrolimus concentration, tacrolimus concentration/dose were detected in the recipients with same CYP3A5 genotype recipients at 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The liver and kidney function, adverse events and fungal infections were recorded at different time points. This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinial Trial Registry (Regitration number:ChiCTR-OON-17013342).RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The survival rate of patient/kidney was 98.4% and 97.3% respectively, 97 cases in the trial group and 86 controls competed 6-month follow-up. Preoperative hemodialysis time, hemoglobin value, cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time, intraoperative blood transfusion volume, time of central venous catheter kept in situ,methylprednisolone usage, ATG usage, serum creatinine reduced level at 1 week, thrombocytopenia and duration of postoperative body temperature > 38 ℃ were the risk factors for fungal infection in the trail group relative to the control group. The fungal infection rate in the trial and control groups was 0% and 2.3%, respectively, at 6 months of follow-up.The serum creatinine level in the trail group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 1 month postoperatively (P < 0.05), and the level showed no significant difference between two groups at other time points (P >0.05). After 2 weeks of caspofungin treatment, the concentrations of tacrolimus and tacrolimus concentration/dosage did not differ significantly in different CYP3A5 genotype recipients (P > 0.05). Caspofungin might induce some adverse reactions, especially electrolyte disturbance with an incidence of 21.6%, but there was no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). These findings imply that kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors presents with various risk factors for fungal infection compared with living-related donor kidney transplantation.Furthermore, caspofungin is effective and safe for preventing fungal infection and has no effect on tacrolimus concentration; therefore, it can be used as a new anti-fungal agent after kidney transplantation.

OBJECTIVETo compare the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence between domestic hydrochloric trimetazidine capsules and imported hydrochloric trimetazidine tablets in healthy male Chinese volunteers after single oral administration.

METHODSA single oral dose (test and reference formulations) was given to 24 healthy male Chinese subjects according to an open randomized crossover design. The blood samples were collected before and after administration. Plasma trimetazidine concentration was determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by WinNonlin Ver 6.2.1 software.

RESULTSThe main pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported formulation of trimetazidine were similar: C(max) (70.9 ± 15.3), (66.4 ± 13.8) µg/ml; t(max) (1.70 ± 0.72), (1.85 ± 0.55) h; t(1/2z) (4.70 ± 1.75), (4.77 ± 1.96) h; AUC(0-24 h) (481 ± 176), (469 ± 171) µg×h×ml(-1); AUC(0-∞) (511 ± 189), (500 ± 188) µg×h×ml(-1). The estimated 90% CIs for the ratio of C(max) and AUC(0-24 h) were also similar: 101.9% - 112.5% and 99.4% - 104.9%. The relative bioavailability of domestic formulation was (102.2 ± 8.3)%.

CONCLUSIONThe results demonstrates that the domestic hydrochloric trimetazidine capsules and imported hydrochloric trimetazidine tablets are bioequivalent.

Adult ; Cross-Over Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Plasma ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Therapeutic Equivalency ; Trimetazidine ; blood ; pharmacokinetics

BACKGROUND: The biocompatibility of chitosan and Nafion can be improved by external factors. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of different weak laser irradiations (red, blue, green) on biocompatibility of porous chitosan membrane and the Nafion membrane. METHODS: (1) Porous chitosan membrane test: Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into red, green, blue light groups (n=16 per group). Porous chitosan membranes (two membranes at each side) were implanted into the bilateral subcutaneous tissue of the rat back with the spine as the axis of symmetry, and then the four implanted membranes in each rat were irradiated by red light for 0, 2, 4, 6 minutes respectively. The irradiation lasted until sample collection at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after implantation, and the samples were used for histological analysis. The same procedures were done in the blue and green light groups. (2) Nafion membrane test: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into red, blue and green light groups (n=8 per group). Nafion membranes (two membranes at each side) were implanted into the bilateral subcutaneous tissue of the rat back with the spine as the axis of symmetry, and then the four implanted membranes in each rat were irradiated by red light for 0, 2, 4, 6 minutes respectively. The irradiation lasted until sample collection at 7 and 14 days after implantation, and the samples were used for histological analysis. The same procedures were done in the blue and green light groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The content of red blood cells in blood vessels and vascular density around the membrane materials (porous chitosan membranes and Nafion membranes) increased after irradiated by red light (especially at 7 days after implantation); the red light had less influence on the inflammatory response and fibrous capsule thickness around the two kinds of membranes. The inflammatory cells percentage around the membrane materials irradiated by green light for 4 minutes was significantly reduced, and the blue light had less influence on inflammatory responses; blue and green lights showed effects on the fibrous capsule thickness and vascular density around the membrane materials, but the effect was not obvious. Thus, to a certain extent, weak lasers can improve the biocompatibility of PCSM and Nafion membrane.