BACKGROUND: Focal cerebral ischemia model in rats should be established under drugged state by surgery operation, but anaesthetic drug may influence the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of ketamine anesthesia on the pathological outcome of focal cerebral ischemia model in rats, and perform control with pentobarbital.DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal experiment.SETTING: Center of Experimental Animal and Department of Pathology of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in the Center of Experimental Animal and Department of Pathology of Second Affiliated Hospital,School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University from May 2004 to March 2005. Thirty male SD rats were randomly assigned into pentobarbital group and ketamine group with 15 rats in each group.METHODS: The rats in the pentobarbital group and ketamine group were subjected to 40 mg/kg pentobarbital and 60 mg/kg ketamine by abdominal anaesthesia, respectively. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in rats by thread embolism in cavity in order to induce cerebral ischemia after abolition of righting reflex.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①A modified Bederson's scoring system was adopted to determine the neurological functional deficit at hour 4 after the MCAO. ②Five rats from each group were selected at hour 24 after MCAO. They were killed and their brain was stained with 20 g/L 2,-3,-5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride (TTC). The infarct volume was determined. ③ MCAO was performed for 72 hours and mortality rate of two groups were recorded. Four rats in each group were re-anesthetized. They were killed and their brain was gained. Survival neurons were detected with toluidine blue staining.RESULTS: Totally 30 rats were involved in the result analysis. ①There was no significant difference in neurological score 4 hours after MCAO between pentobarbital group and ketamine group (1.46±0.98,1.38±0.68 ,P＞0.05). ②The infarct volume in the ketamine group was less than that in the pentobarbital group at hour 24 after MCAO [(28.1±4.11)%,37.8±4.95]%, P＜0.05]. ③The mortality rate 72 hours after ischemia was not significantly different between pentobarbital group and ketamine group (42% vs 33%,P＞0.05). But neuron density in penumbra in the ketamine group was higher than that in the pentobarbital group [(836±15),(740±24) numbers/mm2, P＜0.05].CONCLUSION: ①The ketamine anesthesia induces minor brain injury in setting of the focal cerebral ischemia model in rats. ②When neuroprotective effects of procedures or drugs being studied are evaluated in this focal cerebral ischemia model, they might provide no additional advantage to cerebral ischemia.

Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine on the expression of NMDA receptor-1(NRⅠ)in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia and the possible mechanism of the neuroprotection.Methods Forty healthy male SD rats weighing 250-290g were randomly divided into 2 group(n=20 each):groupⅠketamine and groupⅡpentobarbital.The aminals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine 60 mg?kg~(-1) in groupⅠor pentobarbital 40 mg?kg~(-1) in groupⅡ.Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by permanent middle cerebral artery occludion(MCAO).The animals were killed at 24 h and 72 h of MCAO and their brains removed for determination of infarct size,the number of living neurons in the penumbra and the expression of NRⅠprotein(immuno- histochemistry).Results The infarct size was significantly smaller;the number of living neurons in penumbra significantly larger and NRⅠexpression significantly down-regulated in ketamine group than in pentobarbital group.Conclusion Ketamine can protect the brain against ischemia through downregulation of NMDA receptor-1.

Objective:To investigate the association between glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) gene polymorphism and toxici-ties related to high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods:GSTP1 genotypes and allelic frequencies in 51 children with ALL were determined by Nest PCR, denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE), and DNA sequencing. HD-MTX adverse reactions were analyzed using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCICTC). Results:We identified three SNPs of GSTP1, including rs1695 (A313G), rs1138272 (G439T), and rs4891 (T555C). The wild types, het-erozygous types, and homozygous types of GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 polymorphisms were detected in 32 cases (62.7%), 16 cases (31.4%), and 3 cases (5.9%), respectively. GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 polymorphisms included only one heterozygous type and one homozygous type. The allele frequencies of the three SNPs were 21.6%, 2.9%, and 21.6%. The AG+GG/TC+CC genotype of GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 was associated with decrease in the odds of peripheral hemoglobin (OR=0.25, 95%CI=0.06-1.00, P=0.049). The AG+GG/TC+CC genotype of GSTP1 rs1695/rs4891 in standard and intermediate-risk ALL children was significantly correlated with higher odds of gastrointesti-nal toxicity (OR=0.125, 95%CI=0.02-0.78, P=0.026). Conclusion:GSTP1 rs1695 (A313G)/rs4891 (T555C) gene polymorphism is as-sociated with the reduction of peripheral hemoglobin in ALL children and with the odds of gastrointestinal toxicity in standard and inter-mediate-risk ALL children who receive high-dose methotrexate.

Through researches of channels and collaterals and clinical practice of many years, the authors understand that Chinese medicine, which considers the human body as an interrelated, mutual constraints, whole, dynamic living system, has gradually become an important part of modern medicine. Channels and collaterals are a closed loop system which is communicated and linked by energy and information in the form of electromagnetic oscillation, reflecting many characteristics similar to quantum. Channels and collaterals are not a fixed organizational structure. Studies on channel and collaterals find that the track of the propagated sensation along channels (PSC) have the phenomenon drifting about. This exactly reflects the law of channels dynamically running. By information triggering and living resonance, channels and collaterals bring into play entirely regulative action. The innovative treatment of channels and collaterals followed by characteristics and laws of quantum can get a better curative effect. Theory of channels in the position of quantum information medical science provides an important breach for modernization of Chinese medicine.
Medical Informatics ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; trends ; Meridians

OBJECTIVETo summarize the clinical features of those Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD) patients who are complicated with epilepsy, and try to analyze the genotype- phenotype correlation.

METHODBy a retrospective analysis of 307 patients with DMD and BMD who attended Peking University First Hospital from February 2006 to September 2014,7 patients complicated with epilepsy were identified and their clinical data were collected. The possible mechanism of epilepsy in DMD and BMD patients was proposed after analyzing the genotype-phenotype correlation.

RESULT(1) Among 307 DMD and BMD patients, 7 cases had epilepsy, the prevalence was 2. 28%. (2) The age of onset of epilepsy ranged from 8 months to 11 years. Focal seizure was the most common seizure type (6 cases) , while other seizure types were also involved, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizure. As to epilepsy syndromes, 1 boy was diagnosed as benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECT). Six patients were treated with 1 or 2 types of antiepileptic drugs and seizures were controlled well. On follow-up, 6 of the 7 children had normal mental development, while the remaining 1 patient was diagnosed as mild mental retardation. (3) DMD gene mutations of all 7 patients were analyzed. Exons deletions were found in 6 cases while point mutation was found in 1 case.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of epilepsy in DMD and BMD patients was higher than the prevalence in normal population. The age of onset of epilepsy varies, and focal seizure may be the most common seizure type. Some patients may also present as some kind of epilepsy syndrome, such as BECT. In most patients, seizures can be controlled well by 1 or 2 types of antiepiletic drugs. No clear correlation was found between genotype and phenotype in DMD and BMD patients who were complicated with epilepsy, probably due to limited number of cases.

Anticonvulsants ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Epilepsy ; complications ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; Exons ; Genotype ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; etiology ; Male ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne ; complications ; genetics ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; Sequence Deletion

Aim To investigate the therapeutic effect of total saponins of Panax japonicus(SPJ)on cancer cach-exia in mice with colon adenocarcinoma. Methods BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with mu-rine colon adenocarcinoma CT26 cells to induce ca-chexia. The model animals were randomly divided into three groups: model group, SPJ low dose group and high dose group. Gavage started on the 4th day after inoculation, and the dosage regimen was as follows:the normal and model groups were given 10 mL·kg-1 saline, qd ×27; the low dose and high dose groups were treated with 20 and 60 mg·kg-1SPJ respective-ly, qd ×27. After treatment, the effects of SPJ on body weight, tibialis anterior muscle, gastrocnemius muscle,spleen and epididymal fat changes of cachexia mice were observed. HE and Western blot were used to measure the changes of cross section of gastrocnemius muscle fibers and the expression of NF-κB,PAX7 and MuRF1 protein level in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle. Results Compared with model group, the administration of SPJ could effectively re-duce the weight loss (P <0.05), increase muscle mass (P<0.05) and decrease muscle tissue degrada-tion in cachexia mice. Meanwhile,SPJ significantly re-duced the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum (P <0.05) and decreased the expression of NF-κB. Con-clusion SPJ can improve cancer cachexia in mice in a dose-dependent manner. The potential mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of NF-κB mediated in-flammatory factor expression.

Due to abstract and intricate theories of TCM theories, its essential characteristics are difficult to master, so the mechanism can be better explored through study on quantification of prescription properties. At present, quantification research by many scholars mainly adopts isolated research model limited to one or several kinds of TCM properties, which is difficult to reveal treatment mechanism of prescriptions. The development of big data and cloud computing technology provides a new way for the deep analysis of massive and complex TCM information. Based on syndrome differentiation, it is trending in prescription quantification to employ a comprehensive analysis by using "four properties - five flavors - channel tropism - ascending and descending, floating and sinking - toxicity -efficacy" overall on macroscopic level to analyze and quantify the characteristics of TCM prescriptions and their relationships among each other. This article reviewed recent research progress in the quantification of prescription properties and provided references for the modernization and specification of quantification of prescription properties.

Fluorescence intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is a potential alternative for identifying anatomical variation and preventing iatrogenic bile duct injuries by using the near-infrared probe indocyanine green (ICG).However,the dynamic process and mechanism of fluorescenceIOC have not been elucidated in previous publications.Herein,the optical properties of the complex of ICG and bile,dynamic fluorescence cholangiography and iatrogenic bile duct injuries were investigated.The emission spectrum of ICG in bile peaked at 844 nm and ICG had higher tissue penetration.Extrahepatic bile ducts could fluoresce 2 min after intravenous injection,and the fluorescence intensity reached a peak at 8 min.Inaddition,biliary dynamics were observed owing to ICG excretion from the bile ducts into the duodenum.Quantitative analysis indicated that ICG-guided fluorescence IOC possessed a high signal to noise ratio compared to the surrounding peripheral tissue and the portal vein.Fluorescence IOC was based on rapid uptake of circulating ICG in plasma by hepatic cells,excretion of ICG into the bile and then its interaction with protein molecules in the bile.Moreover,fluorescence IOC was sensitive to detect bile duct ligation and acute bile duct perforation using ICG in rat models.All of the results indicated that fluorescence IOC using ICG is a valid alternative for the cholangiography of extrahepatic bile ducts and has potential for measurement of biliary dynamics.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect and mechanism of BSDW on the model of allergic rhinitis and the model of guinea pigs by histamine shocking in guinea pigs.

METHODUsing the model of allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs caused by 10% TDI, we observed the effect of BSDW on physiological and pathological symptoms of allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs, the effect of the levels of serum IgE and serum and nasal histamine. Using the model of guinea pigs by histamine shocking, we observed the effect of BSDW on physiological symptoms in guinea pigs.

RESULTBSDW significantly relieved the pathological symptoms of allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs, alleviated the hyperplasia of columnar epithelium, decreased the number of monocyte and eosinocyte compared with the model group. It also reduced the levels of serum IgE, and decreased the release of serum and nasal histamine. BSDW significantly prolonged the occurent time of gasping, eclampsia and death caused by shock, reduced the times of gasping in the model of guinea pigs by histamine shocking.

CONCLUSIONBSDW has significant effect against allergy. The mechanism relates to its effects of decreasing the levels of serum IgE and inhibiting the release of serum and nasal histamine.

Administration, Intranasal ; Animals ; Anti-Allergic Agents ; pharmacology ; Asarum ; chemistry ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Histamine ; blood ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Lamiaceae ; chemistry ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; immunology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; immunology ; Scutellaria ; chemistry ; Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of the combined method of abdominal axial flap transposition and penile elongation for the treatment of the remnant penis.

METHODSFifty-two cases of the remnant penis treated with the combined method from 1984 April to February 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. Follow-up ranged from 0.5 to 20 years postoperatively.

RESULTSThe lengths (both in normal and erectile conditions) and the circumferences of the penis gained after operation were (5.6 +/- 1.4) cm, (6.8 +/- 2.5 cm and (6.9 +/- 2.3) cm respectively. The recovery rates of the sensory function were 94.2% and 100% in the glans (immediately and 3 months after operation) and 32.7%, 51.9% and 75% in the flap area (3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively). The two-point distinguishing sense in the glans and the flap area was (5.1 +/- 0.9) mm and(7.9 +/- 1.3) mm 5 years after operation. Early complications included distant flap necrosis (3 cases), disruption of the wound (2 cases), part necrosis of the skin graft in the abdominal wall (2 cases) and poor contours occurred in 4 cases in the later period because of the thickness of the flaps. All of them were corrected with satisfactory results.

CONCLUSIONThe combined method of abdominal axial flap transposition and penile elongation was recommendable for the treatment of the remnant penis because of its positive effects and less complications.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Penis ; injuries ; surgery ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Flaps