There is time-honored history and culture of medicinal plant cultivation in China. In the present review, the medicinal plant cultivation history in china was summarized, its current situation and question were analyzed, and the prospects of medicinal plant cultivation research were pointed out, with the purpose of accelerating the growth of medicinal plant cultivation research.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; history ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; economics ; history ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; trends ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development

Measuring the content of soluble reducing sugar, total sugar, soluble protein, guanosine, alkaloids, and succinic acid of Pinellia ternata tuber were measured by anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method, Coomassie brilliant blue method, RP-HPLC, reverse potentiometric titration, acid dye colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that yellow light could promote the growth and development of P. ternata and increase the content of soluble reducing sugar, total sugar, alkaloids, and succinic acid. Under blue light could promote the content of soluble protein and guanosine. Red and yellow light increased the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, contrastively blue light reduced the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. White film through the most uniform spectrum was most conducive to the synthesis of chlorophyll a. As single film, blue film, yellow film were more conducive to the synthesis of chlorophyll a, green film and red film had been relatively beneficial to the synthesis of chlorophyll b. Bulbil formed the largest number and the biggest propagation coefficient of P. ternata under red light showed that it could increase the production of P. ternata under red light.
Carbohydrate Metabolism ; radiation effects ; Chlorophyll ; metabolism ; Light ; Pinellia ; growth & development ; metabolism ; radiation effects ; Plant Leaves ; growth & development ; radiation effects ; Plant Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Quality Control ; Solubility

The dynamic expression of cytokines and phenotypes during the differentiation process of dendritic cell precursors (pre-DCs) to mature dendritic cells (DCs) was investigated,and the effects of inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on DCs differentiation were understood.The differentiation of bone marrow cells isolated from Balb/c mice was induced to DCs in an 8-day cell culture system with RPMI-1640 complete culture medium containing 10％ FBS,20 ng/mL recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF) and 10 ng/mL recombinant mouse interleukin-4 (rmIL-4).On the day 3,6 and 7 after culture,DCs were divided into non-LPS group and LPS group,given 500 ng/mL LPS for 24 h stimulation and no stimulation respectively.The expression levels of CD 1 l c+,MHC-Ⅱ +,CD40+,CD80+ and CD86+ were detected by flow cytometry,and those of IL-2,IL-4,IL-10,IL-12 p70 and IFN-γ in the supernatant by ELISA.On the day 3 and 6 after culture,the expression of IL-2,IL-4,IL-10 and IFN-γ in DCs showed no significant differences between non-LPS group and LPS group,whereas the differences were significant at day 7.The expression levels of cytokines (for IL-2,IL-4,IL-10,IFN-γ and IL-12 p70:152.86±6.91,778.33±8.35,44.55±2.54,5.8.26±1.09 and 2423.00±57.21 pg/mL respectively) in LPS group were higher than those in non-LPS group,especially IL-12 p70 increased obviously at day 7.It was concluded that during the differentiation process of pre-DCs to mature DCs,LPS stimulates DCs producing large amounts of IL-12 p70 and Thl-type cytokines as compared with Th2-type cytokines,and day 7 may be a key time-point for DCs polarization.

In order to establish the quality classification criteria of Paeonia suffruticosa seeds, thirty-one batches of P. suffruticosa seeds from different provenances were selected. The seed rooting rate, seed germination rate, seed purity, seed viability, 1,000-seed weight and moisture content were determined and analyzed through SPSS 20.0 software. Seed rooting rate, seed germination rate and seed purity were selected as the main index for classification, while 1,000-seed weight, seed viability and moisture content could be used as important references. The seed quality grading of P. suffruticosa was set as three grades. The seed quality of each grade should meet following requirements: For the first grade seeds, seed rooting rate ≥ 80%, seed germination rate ≥ 80%, seed purity ≥ 90%, seed viability ≥ 80%, 1,000-seed weight ≥ 250 g, moisture content, ≤ 10. For the second grade seeds, seed rooting rate ≥ 50%, seed germination rate ≥ 60%, seed purity ≥ 70%, seed viability ≥ 75%, 1,000-seed weight ≥ 225 g, moisture content ≤ 10. For the third grade seeds, seed rooting rate ≥ 20%, seed germination rate ≥ 45%, seed purity ≥ 60%, seed viability ≥ 45%, 1,000-seed weight ≥ 205 g, moisture content ≤ 10. The quality classification criteria of P. suffruticosa seeds have been initially established.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Germination ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development ; Seeds ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development

In order to optimize the testing methods for Paeonia suffruticosa seed quality, and provide basis for establishing seed testing rules and seed quality standard of P. suffruticosa. The seed quality of P. suffruticosa from different producing areas was measured based on the related seed testing regulations. The seed testing methods for quality items of P. suffruticosa was established preliminarily. The samples weight of P. suffruticosa was at least 7 000 g for purity analysis and was at least 700 g for test. The phenotypic observation and size measurement were used for authenticity testing. The 1 000-seed weight was determined by 100-seed method, and the water content was carried out by low temperature drying method (10 hours). After soaking in distilled water for 24 h, the seeds was treated with different temperature stratifications of day and night (25 degrees C/20 degrees C, day/night) in the dark for 60 d. After soaking in the liquor of GA3 300 mg x L(-1) for 24 h, the P. suffruticos seeds were cultured in wet sand at 15 degrees C for 12-60 days for germination testing. Seed viability was tested by TlC method.
Germination ; Light ; Paeonia ; growth & development ; Quality Control ; Seeds ; physiology ; Temperature

In order to explore reasonable artificial cultivation pattern of Thesium chinense, the biological characteristics and nutrients change in the process of winter dormancy of T. chinense was studied. The phenological period of T. chinense was observed by using fixed-point notation and the starch grains changes were determined dynamically by PAS-vanadium iron hematoxylin staixjing method. Soluble sugar and starch content were measured by anthrone-sulfuric acid method and amylase activity was determined by DN'S method. The results showed that the normal life cycle of T. chinense was two years. T. chinense was growing by seed in the first year, but growing by the root neck bud in the second year. During the process of dormancy, starch and soluble sugar could mutual transformation in different periods. T. chinense had sufficient carbohydrate to maintain growth and also a lot of small molecules to improve their ability to fight against adversity.
Plant Dormancy ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Santalaceae ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Seasons ; Starch ; analysis ; metabolism

Twelve populations of Inula lineariifolia were used as materials to measure morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters and chemical constituents. It aims to provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resources evaluation. The results showed that I. lineariifolia had relatively rich morphological diversity, there were significant differences of morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters and chemical constituents among populations. There was positive correlation on morphological characteristics and P(n). Twelve populations were divided into three-type. The three populations of Xuyi, Mingguang and Fengyang were of narrower-longer leaf, bigger biomass,better photosynthetic and higher chemical constituents. Then they were classified for a similar group. It proved that the three populations were more suitable for cultivation and promotion.
Biomass ; China ; Flowers ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Inula ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism

The growth changes of glutathione (GSH) and ergosterol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CICC1447 and CICC1339) were detected under 0.5Mpa pressure with compressed high-pure air (O-2∶N-2=21∶79). The results showed that logarithmic phases of the two strains were delayed; their biomass and special growth rate were lower than those of control sample (0.1MPa) and the double time were prolonged under 0.5MPa. High-pressure could increase the content of GSH obviously, compared to ambient atmosphere control samples. When the holding time was 3h, the content of GSH and ergosterol in CICC1447 increased 42.6% and 20.1%, respectively. However, the content of GSH in CICC1339 increased 58.7% when the holding time was 6h, while ergosterol content reduced. The results indicated that different yeast strains have different stress-response mechanism to copy with high-pressure shock.

Objective：To study the toxicity mechanism(s) of ifosfamide(Ifo) in suspending cultured rat hepatocytes.Methods：Hepatocytes of adult rat were isolated using two-step perfusion method and cultured suspendingly. Cell viability,intracellular enzyme leakage, contents of sulfhydryl groups and MDA contents of hepatocytes were examined 3 hours after ifosfamide was administered at 5,10,20 mmol/L. Surface and ultrastructure of hepatocytes were also observed. Results：Cell viability and TSH,NPSH,PSH contents of hepatocytes significantly declined, and LDH,AST activities in media increased due to the leakage of intracellular enzymes. The decrease in PSH content was ascribed to depletion of TSH. The higher the dose was, the more serious these changes became. However, MDA contents of the hepatocytes were not found increased at any ifo dose groups. In pathological examination, “bulla" formation was found on the surface of the hepatocytes, deformation，swelling even vacuolation of mitochondria and dilation of rough，smooth endoplasmic reticulum were also observed. Conclusions：Ifo has toxic effect on suspending cultured rat hepatocytes. The decrease in sulfhydryl groups contributes to the hepatotoxicity induced by Ifo.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the genetic diversity of Chrysanthemum morifolium at the level of molecular biology.

METHODThe total genomic DNA was extracted from medicinal chrysanthemums by 2% CTAB method. And the genetic diversity of 22 C. morifolium accessions was tested by RAPD marks. The NTSYS software was used to analyze the marks.

RESULT26 10-mer arbitrary primers were found to acquire polymophic results. A total of 233 bands were amplified, of which 89.7% bands were found to be polymophic. 8.04 polymophic bands were amplified by each primer on the average. The results of cluster analysis by using UPGMA method showed that all the tested accessions could be differentiated by RAPD marks.

CONCLUSIONThere actually existed much genetic diversity at the molecular level among the germplasm resources of C. morifolium. RAPD marks could be effective tools to construct DNA fingerprintings of C. morifolium. The differences between the tested chrysanthemums are related to the environments. However, it was affected by genetic facters more significantly.

China ; Chrysanthemum ; classification ; genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; methods