[Summary] Extracellular calcium is essential for the regulation of a variety of biological processes. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a central role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis, while G-protein α-11 (Gα11 ) subunit and adaptor-related protein complex 2 sigma (AP2σ) are also involved in CaSR signaling transduction. Loss- or gain-of-function mutations of these encoding genes cause different types of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH). Calcimimetic and calcilytic drugs are useful in treating these FHH and ADH disorders. The current paper is a Chinese translation of a review entitled as “Disorder of the calcium-sensing receptor and partner proteins: insights into the molecular basis of calcium homeostasis” published in 《 Journal of Molecular Endocrinology》(2016,57:R127-R142) with the permission from the author and the journal.

Objective To observe the effects of losartan and amlodipine on blood pressure,plasma levels of leptin,adiponectin and norepinephrine (NE) and insulin sensitivity in obese hypertensive patients.Methods The levels of plasma leptin and adiponectin were determined by RIA and the plasma NE level was assayed by high- performance liquid chromatography.Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was evaluated using the homeostasis model.Results Compared with basal levels,after 16-weeks' therapy,plasma leptin,HOMA-IR and body mass index were significantly decreased in losartan group [(35.6?18.5 vs 32.0?17.1)?g/L,P

The purpose of this study was to optimize a fixation procedure for detection of cytoplasmic antigens by flow cytometry(FCM) and to evaluate the effect of intracellular CD3, CD22, CD79a and myeloperoxidase(MPO) in lineage assignment. Four kinds of fixation procedure and three or four color direct immunofluorescence staining were used to permeate cell membrane and label cell surface and intracellular antigens by means of FCM. Results showed that percentage of cytoplasmic antigens positive cells was the highest and cell scatter and fluorescence intensity of CD45 were not changed after using of FACS permeabilization solution. MPO protein was positive in 16/18 acute myeloid leukemia(AML) patients. 4 cases of T cell-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cases were positive for cytoplasmic CD3(c CD3) but surface CD3 was negative. c CD22 was only detected in 9/13 of B-ALL and cCD79a was positive in 5/5 B-ALL. 18/38 cases of acute leukemia were expressed in more than one lineage marker, 8/21 cases of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia(ANLL) were CD7 positive. 7/17 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) expressed CD13. After further cytoplasmic antigen detection, one was considered to be a T/myeloid biphenotypic leukemia, another one was diagnosed as biclonal or mixed leukemia. The results suggest that intracellular CD3,CD22,CD79a and MPO are lineage specific markers, they are very important for biphenotypic and biclonal/mixed acute leukemia identification
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antigens, CD ; analysis ; biosynthesis ; Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte ; biosynthesis ; CD3 Complex ; biosynthesis ; CD79 Antigens ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; methods ; Lectins ; biosynthesis ; Leukemia ; classification ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peroxidase ; biosynthesis ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell ; biosynthesis ; Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2

To prove the significance of 4-color fluorescence labeling flow cytometric analysis for leukemia immunophenotyping, bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 88 cases with acute leukemia were analyzed by means of flow cytometry with 4-color fluorescence labeling monoclonal antibodies (McAbs). More than 90% of cases could be classified into acute myeloid, T- or B-lymphocytic leukemia by staining with 13 different kinds of monoclonal antibodies within 4 tubes of combination of antibodies. AML-M(2) - M(7) could also be identified simultaneously. Another one tube of combination of 4 McAbs could be used for further subtyping of those who were undetermined by the above 4 tubes. Patients with AML-M(0)/M(1) which may be negative of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in cytochemistry can be identified by labeling with both membrane and cytoplasmic antibodies. In conclusion, the accuracy of leukemia immunophenotyping has been improved by 4-color flow cytometry analysis.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; methods ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Infant ; Leukemia ; immunology ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; immunology ; Leukocyte Common Antigens ; analysis ; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ; analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; immunology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; analysis

Objective To explore the implementation situation and influencing factors of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) after receiving post-abortion care (PAC) in artificial abortion women.Methods According to the demographic characteristics and abortion risks,4 068 artificial abortion women in the family planning clinic of our hospital were classified.The LARC implementation situation after receiving PAC was compared among different characteristic populations.The Chi square test was utilized to analyze the statistical significance of the data by SAS software.Results The LARC rate in young women was 7.9%),which was lower than 27.7% in 19-40 years old women and 11.8% in perimenopausal women;the LARC rate in nulliparous women was 10.6%,which was lower than 27.7% in parous women;the LARC rate in high-risk abortion women was 33.1%,which was higher than 16.6% in low-risk abortion women,these data analysis had statistically significant significance (P<0.05).The LARC rate in ≤ 20 years old women among high-risk abortion women,breastfeeding women,delivery women within three months,cesarean section women within six months and more than three times artificial abortion women was low (< 50%).However,the LARC rate in the scar pregnancy women and more than two times cesarean section women was high (> 80%).Conclusion Young women,nulliparous women and postpartum women in high-risk artificial abortion should be ranked the focus group for PAC consulting.

Objective To investigate prevalence of erectile dysfunction(ED)in type 2 diabetic male patients and to analyze its related factors.Methods A total of 904 married male patients with type 2 diabetes were involved in this study and they were interviewed with anonymous questionnaire.An international index of erectile function-5(IIEF-5)was used to determine the severity of ED by self-rating score in age,duration of diabetes,serum level of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),history of alcohol drinking and smoking,blood pressure and anti-hypertensive medication in diabetic ED patients.Relationship between relevant factors and diabetic ED was analyzed.Results ED was diagnosed in 612 diabetics with prevalence of 67.7 percent(612/904)according to their total scores of IIEF-5.Logistic regression analysis showed that increase in duration of diabetes by five years,age by 10 years,serum level of HbAI c by 2%, systolic blood pressure by 30 mm Hg(1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa),positive history of smoking and alcohol drinking were all independently associated with prevalence of diabetic ED,with OR of 1.96,1.25,2.32, 1.12,1.67(P

Objective: To observe the difference in clinical efficacy between acupuncture with point selection based on syndrome differentiation along the meridians and acupuncture at non-meridian and non-acupoint points for functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods: A total of 74 FD patients were randomized into an observation group and a control group, with 37 cases in each group. Both groups received acupuncture treatment. Zusanli (ST 36) and Neiguan (PC 6) were selected in the observation group, with Taichong (LR 3) and Neiting (ST 44) added for excess syndrome, and Gongsun (SP 4) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) added for deficiency syndrome. Four non-meridian and non-acupoint points were selected in the control group. The treatments in both groups were performed once a day with a 2-day break after 5 consecutive treatments, which constituted one treatment course. A total of 4 courses were performed. The scores of Nepean dyspepsia index (NDI) and Leeds dyspepsia questionnaire (LDQ) were recorded before and after treatment, and during follow-up (8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks after recruitment) to assess the clinical efficacy. Results: The NDI scores in the two groups after treatment and at each time point during follow-up were higher than those before treatment (all P<0.05), and the LDQ scores were lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05). The NDI scores after treatment and at each time point during follow-up in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.01); the total LDQ score and scores of upper abdominal pain, postprandial satiety and upper abdominal burning sensation after treatment and at each time point during follow-up in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01 or P<0.05).. Conclusion: Acupuncture with point selection based on syndrome differentiation along the meridians has a better curative effect than acupuncture at non meridian and non-acupoint points in the treatment of FD.

BACKGROUND:Bisphosphonates that can suppress osteoclast activity strongly is a powerful inhibitor for bone resorption, which has been reported to have good effects in the treatment of fibrous dysplasia.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical effect of surgical treatment combined with bisphosphonate therapy in the treatment of fibrous dysplasia.
METHODS: Fifteen patients with fibrous dysplasia of the long bone were subjected to surgical treatment and oral bisphosphonate therapy postoperatively. Limb pain, limb function, local X-ray manifestations and blood alkaline phosphatase activity were observed before and at 3, 6, 12, 24 months after treatment. The therapeutic effects were evaluated using modified Macnab standards.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Al the 15 patients were folowed up for more than 24 months, and their pain symptoms were significantly relieved after the combined treatment of surgery and bisphosphonates, excelent in 12 cases and effective in 1 case, and the total efficiency was 100%. X-ray films showed that the density slightly decreased in operation areas after 3 months, but at 6 months after treatment, the cortical bone was thickened and the marrow cavity density increased in the operation areas, and non-focal zone was continuously enlarged. No fractures and recurrence were found in al patients. At 6 months after treatment, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The results suggest that surgical operation with bisphosphonate treatment for bone fibrous dysplasia can effectively inhibit the bone resorption, promote bone formation, increase the intensity of the lesion, reduce fractures and recurrence rate, so as to achieve a better therapeutic effect in clinic.

Objective To evaluate the functions of pancreatic islet α-cells and β-cells in different disease courses of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Two hundred and eighty three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into 4 groups according to their disease courses:group A (course of disease ≤1 years),group B (1 years ＜ course ≤ 5 years),group C (5 years ＜ course ≤ 10 years) and group D (course ＞ 10 years).Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT),insulin releasing test and glucagon releasing test were performed to observe the differences of glucagon,glucagon/insulin,ratio of insulin increment/glucose increment 30 min after glucose-load (△I30/△G30),area under curve (AUC) of insulin in receiver operational characteristic (ROC) curve of insulin (AUCI) and glucagon among 4 groups and the correlation analysis was performed between glucagon and other indicators.Results (1) Glucagon,glucagon/insulin and AUC of glucagon increased significantly with the prolonged course of disease (P ＜0.05),0、30、60、120、180 min of group A were (71 ± 20)、(106 ± 36)、(143 ± 54)、(133 ± 68) 和 (87 ± 55) ng/L respectively,glucagon increased significantly with the prolonged course of disease,0、30、60、120、180 min of group D (80 ±19)、(125 ± 36)、(167 ± 47)、(178 ± 64)、(129 ± 65) ng/L respectively.(2) There were no significant differences in homeostasis nodel assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitive index (ISI) among 4 groups (P ＞0.05); compared to group A,HOMA of β-cell function (HOMA-β),△I30/△G30,AUCI in groups B,C and D were significantly lower (F =3.75,3.77 and 3.07 respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).(3) Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that glucagon was positively correlated with FPG and AUC of glucose (AUCG) (t =6.23 and 3.41,all P ＜ 0.05),and negatively correlated with AUCI/AUCG (t =-2.13,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions In order to reach the blood glucose control target,in the early stage of diabetes attentions should be given to regulation of glucagon while protect the β-cell function.

Objective: Dithiothreitol(DTT) and ?-Mercaptoethanol(2-ME) are important reducing agents for SDS-PAGE.This study is to observe the diffusing effect of DTT and 2-ME during electrophoresis,and to find a way of avoiding this effect.Methods: We placed protein samples containing reducing agents and non-reduced protein samples separately in the sample wells at intervals for SDS-PAGE electrophoresis,and determined whether or not the electrophoretic lanes of the non-reduced samples were interfered by the adjacent lanes.Results: DTT and 2-ME diffused to the neighboring lane,so that the non-reduced samples were reduced partially.The spreading effect was positively correlated with the content of the reducing agent.Conclusion: DTT and 2-ME have a diffusing effect during SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.In separating the reduced and non-reduced proteins in the same gel at the same time,at least a blank lane should be set up in between them in order to avoid the diffusing effect.