With the in-depth study of related substances and the development of consistency evaluation of generic drugs, relative correction factors are gaining increasing attention. By analyzing the domestic and foreign literature on correction factors in recent years, this paper describes the correction factor component, the current measurement method and its application. The rules and key points of use of an impurity correction factor and its determination and application are described, and some problems in its determination and application are discussed, providing a reference and basis for the standardization of research on impurity correction factors in the future.

The change of kirenol, darutigenol and darutoside in Siegesbeckia and its first to ninth processed products were studied, and the ten fingerprints were compared, which provided the experimental basis for the study of Siegesbeckia processing tech- nology. The samples were analysed by HPLC on a SunFire-C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution of acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid)-water (0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). Column temperaturewas 30 °C and the detected wavelength was 215, 320 nm. The calibration curves of kirenol, darutigenol and darutoside were linear in the range of 2.180-26.16, 2.900-34.80, and 1.012-6.072 mg x L(-1), respectively, and the average recoveries were 96.4%, 97.2% and 96.3% wit RSD 2.2%, 1.7% and 2.4%. This method was simple, the result was stable and had good repeatability, recovery and precision. The re- sult was the basis of the chemical contents variation in the processing of Siegesbeckia Herbs and further clarifying the effect of the changing.
Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of two fluid resuscitations on the bacterial translocation and the inflammatory factors of small intestine in rats with hemorrhagic shock.

METHODSFifty SD healthy male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n equal to 10 per group): Group A (Sham group), Group B (Ringer's solution for 1 h), Group C (Ringer's solution for 24 h), Group D (hydroxyethyl starch for 1 h) and Group E ((hydroxyethyl starch for 24 h). A model of rats with hemorrhagic shock was established. The bacterial translocation in liver, content of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and changes of myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO) activities in small intestine were pathologically investigated after these two fluid resuscitations, respectively.

RESULTSThe bacterial translocation and the expression of TNF-alpha in the small intestine were detected at 1 h and 24 h after fluid resuscitation. There were significant increase in the number of translocated bacteria, TNF-alpha and MPO activities in Group C compared with Group B, significant decrease in Group E compared with Group D and in Group B compared with Group D. The number of translocated bacteria and TNF-alpha expression significantly decreased in Group E as compared with Group C.

CONCLUSIONSThe bacterial translocation and the expression of TNF-alpha in the small intestine exist 24 h after fluid resuscitation. 6% hydroxyethyl starch can improve the intestinal mucosa barrier function better than the Ringer's solution.

Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; drug effects ; Fluid Therapy ; Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Intestine, Small ; metabolism ; Isotonic Solutions ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Male ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; therapy ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe the biocompatibility of new biomaterials porous calcium phosphate (CPC) and ectopic bone formation of CPC with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs).

METHODSThe BMSCs were cultured from Beagle dog and combined with the porous CPC with the best concentration after transfect green fluorescent protein (GFP). The adhesion and growth of BMSCs on CPC were observed under inversion, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The ectopic bone formation were observed at the 8th week after CPC and BMSCs were implanted subcutaneously into nude mice.

RESULTSWhen BMSCs with CPC were cultured at the 1st day, cells were climbing out from CPC with normal morphology. At the 7th day cells can be seen protruding pseudopods, secretion of matrix. Bone formation could be seen histomorphologically at the 8th week.

CONCLUSIONPorous CPC has good biocompatibility and is an ideal scaffold material for bone tissue engineering.

Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Bone Cements ; Bone and Bones ; Calcium Phosphates ; Dental Cementum ; Dogs ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Tissue Engineering

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral blood Th17 cells, IL-17 and IL-21 in the occurrence and development of acute leukemia. 60 patients with acute leukemia (19 patients with ALL, 41 patients with AML) were divided into non-remission group (group A, n=24), remission group (group B, n=36); 25 healthy volunteers were used as control group (group C). In addition to this, these 60 patients were divided into infection group (n=32) and non-infection group (n=28) on the basis of infection status. The concentration of IL-17 and IL-21 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatant after stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAb were determined with ELISA. The expression of CD4+ IL-17+ cells was determined by flow cytometry. The results showed that (1) the concentrations of IL-17 and IL-21, and proportion of Th17 cells in group A and group B were much lower than those in group C (p<0.05); (2) the expression levels of IL-17 and IL-21, and the proportion of Th17 cells in group A were lower than those in group B (p<0.05); (3) the expression levels of Th17 and IL-17 in infection group were lower than those in non-infection group (p<0.05). It is concluded that Th17 cells may play important roles in the occurrence and development of acute leukemia through secreting IL-17 and IL-21, and their functional level can partially reflect the status of leukemia and can be used to evaluate the risks of infection in patients with leukemia.
Adolescent ; Adult ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; metabolism ; Interleukins ; metabolism ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; metabolism ; Th17 Cells ; secretion ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with life style, early exposure to magnetic fields, family history of dementia and other risk factors.

METHODSWe conducted a case-control study among the inpatients of Chinese PLA General Hospital in 2000 - 2003. Sixty-two AD cases and 124 controls were selected and matched for age. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using logistic regression model.

RESULTSAll subjects were males aged 66 to 102. In univariate analysis, lack of social activities, more physical exercises, early exposure to magnetic fields, suffering from negative life events and family history of dementia were statistically different between two groups (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for potential confounders, suffering from negative life events, family histories of dementia increased the risk of AD with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.27 (1.53 - 6.97) and 5.78 (1.39 - 24.10). Early exposure to magnetic fields seemed a possible risk factor for AD, with OR (95% CI) 2.49 (0.96 - 6.45). The amount of social activities, cigarette smoking and history of cancers were negatively correlated with AD and their ORs (95% CI) were 0.81 (0.72 - 0.92), 0.46 (0.21 - 1.00) and 0.31 (0.12 - 0.82) respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe study demonstrated that suffering from negative life events and family history of dementia were risk factors for AD, and the early exposure to magnetic fields might also play a role.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Electromagnetic Fields ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Military Personnel ; Occupational Exposure ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) in evaluating the stage of hepatic fibrosis and early stage cirrhosis.

METHODSSixty-six patients with viral hepatitis underwent liver biopsy and 33 normal subjects (S0) were selected to accept ARFI,the shear wave velocity of hepatic segments s5, s6, s7, s8 and size of liver were measured. The results of liver and spleen size and portal vein's diameter were also measured.

RESULTSThe 66 patients were divided into 3 groups: S1, S2-S3, S4. ARFI for 66 patients and 33 normal subjects showed good image quality. There were statistically significant differences between S4 group and S0 group, S1 group, S2-S3 group for the shear wave velocity of hepatic segments s5, s6, s7, s8 (P < 0.05). Between S2-S3 group and SO group S1 group, the shear wave velocity of hepatic segments s5, s6, s7, s8 also have statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), other parameters showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Spleen size and the portal vein's diameter of S4 group were larger than those in other groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe invasive acoustic radiation force impulse could evaluate the stage of hepatic fibrosis and early stage cirrhosis in patients suffering from viral hepatitis. The measurement was feasible. It was suitable for clinical use.

Acoustics ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Portal Vein ; pathology ; Spleen ; pathology

AIMTo investigate the effect of resveratrol on EMMPRIN expression of macrophages.

METHODSHuman monocytic cell line THP-1 cells were co-cultured with EMMPRIN-highly-expressed MCF-7 cells; MMP-9 production was assayed by zymography. THP-1 cells were induced by PMA, expression of EMMPRIN was assayed by Western blotting. Cells were treated with resveratrol or PPARgamma agonist--pioglitazone during differentiation, EMMPRIN expression and MMP-9 activity were assayed. U937 cells were co-transfected with PPARy expression and luciferase-coding reporter vector, then cultured with pioglitazone or resveratrol, the activating capability of resveratrol on PPARgamma was evaluated by measuring the luciferase activity. THP-1 cells were pretreated with PPARgamma antagonist--GW9662 before pioglitazone or resveratrol treatment, then assayed for EMMPRIN expression and MMP-9 production.

RESULTSEMMPRIN expression was greatly increased during the differentiation from monocytes to macrophages; co-culturing with MCF-7 cells significantly increased MMP-9 production by monocytes. Both resveratrol and pioglitazone markedly inhibited EMMPRIN expression during monocytes differentiation. Resveratrol significantly activated PPARgamma and GW9662 greatly decreased the effect of resveratrol on EMMPRIN and MMP-9.

CONCLUSIONEMMPRIN expression is greatly up-regulated from monocytes to macrophages, which may play a role in inducing MMPs production by monocytes/macrophages. Resveratrol can significantly inhibit EMMPRIN expression via activating PPARgamma, which may be the underlying mechanism of its inhibitory effect on MMPs production by monocytes/macrophages.

Anilides ; pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Basigin ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Blotting, Western ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Coculture Techniques ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Luciferases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Macrophages ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; biosynthesis ; Monocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; PPAR gamma ; genetics ; metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Stilbenes ; pharmacology ; Thiazolidinediones ; pharmacology ; U937 Cells

With the development of science and technology, and the emergence of artificial intelligence, wearable technology is becom-ing a hot topic in the field of rehabilitation medicine. Wearable technology is characterized by miniaturization, intelligency and convenience, and has been widely researched and applied in many fields, such as neurological rehabilitation, orthopaedic rehabilitation, spinal cord injury rehabilitation and rehabilitation for senile degenerative diseases. The further research may focus on the reliability of signals under dynamic monitoring, the comfortable feeling during long-term use of wearable devices, the data security based on personal privacy, and so on.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the expression of transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor-1 of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) in rats with pulmonary damage induced by paraquat (PQ).

METHODSFifty-four healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned into the control group (normal saline), the PQ-treatment groups (4 groups) and the PDTC treatment groups (4 groups). Except the rats in the control group, the rats in the PQ group were gavaged only with 40 mg/kg PQ, and PDTC group with 40 mg/kg PQ plus immediate injection 120 mg/kg PDTC (i.p). On the 3rd, the 7th, the 14th and 28th day after treatments, one group rats of each treatments were sacrificed and lung and blood samples were collected. The level of TGF-beta(1) protein in the plasma, the mRNA expression of TGF-beta(1), MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were evaluated using RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR, while pathological changes of lung were examined under optical microscope and electrical microscope.

RESULTSThe TGF-beta(1) protein, TGF-beta(1) and MMP-2 mRNA expression were increased significantly in the earlier stage and then decreased after PQ administration (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while the mRNA level of TIMP-1 was augmented continuously (P < 0.01) throughout the study compared to the control group. In comparison with the PQ group, in the PDTC treatment group, the TGF-beta(1) mRNA expression on the 3rd and the 14th day, 0.54 +/- 0.08 and 0.72 +/- 0.04 respectively, the MMP-2 mRNA expression on the 7th and 14th day, 1.62 +/- 0.50 and 1.97 +/- 0.34 respective-ly, and the TIMP-1 mRNA on the 7th and 21st day, 1.79 +/- 0.21 and 2.00 +/- 0.34 respectively, were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONPDTC could attenuate paraquat-induced up-regulation of TGF-beta(1) and its mRNA expression, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 mRNA levels, which indicates that PDTC may exert its protective effects on paraquat-induced pulmonary damage by alleviating the earlier inflammation damage and adjust-ing the balance between MMPs and TIMPs. However, further studies are still warranted to investigate and clarify the underlying mechanisms involved in this complicated process.

Acute Lung Injury ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Paraquat ; poisoning ; Pyrrolidines ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiocarbamates ; pharmacology ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; genetics ; metabolism