This study was performed on 50 cases of primary breast cancer removed surgically during the period 1990~1991 and compared the results of four morphologic methods developed for the detection of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, monoclonal antibody PCNA immunoreactivity, and the mean number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions(mAgNORs) to ascertain the prognostic significance and also to detect highly malignant heterogenous cancer. To determine the validity of these measurements, a variance analysis was done with Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA. The results showed that the significant correlation between histologic grade and ER/PR status(P=0.005/P=0.015), the borderline significant correlation between mAgNORs and ER/PR status(P=0.08), and between AgNORs and stage(P=0.07), PCNA has no correlation with ER/PR status(P=0.25), clinical stage and histologic grade. In follow up, four cases of invasive ductal carcinoma with ER/PR, developed early and rapid metastasis within 2 years, three of them were classified as histologic grade 3 and another case was grade 2, whereas two of them were classified ans stage III(+) and the rest were in stage IIB(+) and stage IIA(-). The mAgNOR count of these four cases were ranged from 3.32 to 4.29 which were in the aneuploid category most likely. One of them had rather stormy rapid course with multiple organ metastases resulting death within one year. These results indicated that ductal carcinoma(>2cm size) with ER-/PR- and high mAgNOR level or high PCNA grade, and hihg histologic grade had h highly malignant course, marked by rapidly developing metastases. Thus we concluded that the status of ER/PR alone in tumor tissue is an important information for selecting hormone treatment btu, for the ultimate prognosis, is a weak indicator. Therefore for early detection of such heterogenous tumor, besides ER/PR, AgNORs or PCNA, histologic grade and tumor size are very useful as biological indicators of prognosis. The status ER/PR in combination with these indicators are more accurate and provide better basis on which to base a decision for early implementation of chemotherapy from which to give probably benefit by inhibition of rapid progress.
Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Breast Neoplasms

This investigation was aimed to study the effect of contrast media on the cardiovascular system. So in thisstudy, pithed rats were used whether alteration in cardiovascular system by contrast media were controlledcentrally. Furthermore, several hypertonic solutions were also used to clarify the effect of contrast media. Theresults are as follows: 1. Intravenous injection of contrast media in rats(2.5m/kg) caused hypotension andbradycardia. The effects were neither blocked by pretreatment of atropine nor pyribenzamine+atropine. 2. NaCl4.7%, dextrose 24.8%, urea 9.0% and glycerol 10.1%(v/v) which were equiosmolar with contrast media, causedhypotension, but did not affect the heart rate. 3. In pithed rats, intravenous injection of Angiografin increasedblood pressure in a dose-dependant manner, and caused decrease in heart rate compared with those of control rats. 4. In pithed rats, bradycardia by intravascular injection with Angiografin was partialy blocked by atropine. 5.Metrizamide of which iodine content was adjusted to 280 mg/ml caused increased in blood pressure when was injectedintravenously in pithed rats with little effect on heart rate. 6. When perfused with contrast media in rathindlimb at 15ml/kg speed both perfusion pressure and flow effluent incereased, simultaneously. These resultssuggest that hypotension might be caused by the central effect due to hyperosmolarity of contrast media andbrachycardia caused by both parasympathetic stimulation and direct inhibitory action on the cardiac conductivesystem.
Animals ; Atropine ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Cardiovascular System ; Contrast Media ; Diatrizoate Meglumine ; Glucose ; Glycerol ; Heart Rate ; Hypertonic Solutions ; Hypotension ; Injections, Intravenous ; Iodine ; Perfusion ; Rats ; Urea

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant*

No abstract available.
Heart Diseases* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Infant*

The apoptosis, a distinctive type of individual cell necrosis, has been considered to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations. It can be initiated or inhibited by a variety of environmental stimuli, physiologically and pathologically. Apoptosis seems to appear in either non-neoplastic or neoplastic tissues, even malignant tumors in the state of untreatment or irradiation. This study was carried out to investigate the spontaneous occurrence of apoptosis in squamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix and its mechanisms. Light microscopically, noted were the condensation and fragmentation of individual tumor cells with formation of apoptotic bodies that were frequently phagocytosed by nearby intact tumor cells. They were commonly seen in the neighbourhood of coagulative necrosis. Electron microscopically (TEM and SEM), noted were nuclear condensation, margination toward the nuclear membrane and fragmentation of membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies that were well preserved. The intracellular apoptotic bodies were phagosomes and reduced to electron-dense lysosomal residual bodies. The conclusion obtained was as follow: Apoptosis was found in all cases of squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix, of which the frequency was higher in tumors of poor differentiation than those of well to moderate differentiation. The process of the apoptosis is considered to pass through the step of formation of the apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis by adjoining tumor cells or histiocytes, and then degradation as lysosmal residual bodies.
Animals

From January, 1972 to August 1983, 12 cases of ovarian pregnancy out of 1202 total ectopic pregnancy were studied and the incidence constituted 0.9%. The gross and microscopic findings were reviewed according to gross description and gross photographs, and microscopic description and reviewing all microscopic slides. All cases were shown to meet Spiegelberg's criteria for primary ovarian pregnancy.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence

Alveolar macrophages participate in the host defense against P. carinii, but the mechanisms in degradation and clearance of the organism from lung has not been well established. We observed the transmission and scanning electron microscopic features and evaluated the expression of TNF-alpha and Surfactant-D in the interaction of P. carinii with alveolar macrophages. Expression of TNF-alpha and Surfactant-D in the experimentally induced P. carinii pneumonia in rat was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. Electron microscopically, the alveolar macrophages phagocytized trophozoites and cysts of P. carinii micro-organisms. Immunohistochemically TNF-alpha was strongly expressed in the cytoplasms of alveolar macrophages. Postembedding immunogold labeling for Surfactant-D protein was expressed on the pellicles of trophozoites and cysts, P. carinii micro-organisms in the cytoplasms of macrophages, free floating surfactant materials and multilamellar bodies of type II epithelial cells. We conclude that alveolar macrophages interacted with P. carinii micro-organisms respond with increased expression of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha may bind to P. carinii and exert a direct toxic effect upon the micro-organisms. Surfactant-D protein may augment binding of P. carinii to the alveolar macrophages and enhance the clearance of the micro-organisms.
Animals ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelial Cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung ; Macrophages ; Macrophages, Alveolar* ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Pneumocystis carinii* ; Pneumocystis* ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis* ; Rats ; Trophozoites ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Paralysis* ; Risk Factors*

No abstract available.
Cerebral Palsy* ; Early Diagnosis* ; Neurologic Examination*

This study attempted to investigate the relation of perceived health influencing factors, health practice performance and perceived health status in the elderly. The subjects of the study were 95 elderly people over the age of 60, living in Seoul and Kyungi province area in Korea. They were conveniently sampled for this study and the data was collected from March, 1998 through August, 1998. The instruments for this study, which were for measuring perceived health influencing factors and health practice performance, were developed by the researchers. The instrument for measuring perceived health status were items from the OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire(OMFAQ). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Influencing factors were divided into 3 perceived health enhancing factors and 3 perceived health hindering factors and health practice was divided into 4 health practice factors. 2. Health practice factor which was characterized as 'taking regularly vitamin, nutrient, oriental medical herbs and doing passive exercise' performance showed significant posisitive correlation with both perceived health enhancing factors which were 'empathetic support' and 'health maintenance through medical regimen'. Health practice factor which was characterized as' self monitoring through medical regimen' performance showed significant positive correlation with perceived health enhancing factor 'health maintenance through medical regimen'. Health practice factor which was characterized as 'actively taking food or nutrients which are recognized as good for health in public' performance showed significant positive correlation with both perceived health enhancing factor 'health maintenance through medical regimen' and perceived health hindering factor 'inappropriate health management'. 3. Stepwise Multiple Regression analysis revealed that: The Statistically significant influencing variables of perceived health status were health practice factor 'actively taking food or nutrients which are recognized as good for health in public' performance and perceived health enhancing factor 'empathetic support'.
Aged* ; Humans ; Korea ; Seoul ; Vitamins