The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphologic changes of the bile canaliculi and its associated structures of the liver induced by common bile duct ligation(CBDL) in the rat. The canalicular surface and lateral surface of the dry-fractured hepatocytes was studied with scanning electron microscopy at 1~6 weeks post ligation. The first week after CBDL, the bile canaliculi were dilated. The microvilli were increased in number and the lumens contained granular materials After 2 weeks or more, the bile canaliculi were dilated to a variable degree, and with irregularity, measuring from 1.5 to 5 micrometer in diameter, and in the advanced stage, the canaliculi showed blunting and the disappearance of microvilli. Some canaliculi had sprouting side branches. At 4~6 weeks post-ligation, the lateral surface of the hepatocytes also showed some irregularity and a tortuous appearance, and numerous small sized microvillous projections were formed. The tubular structures of the proliferated SER distributed adjacent to the lateral surface of the hepatocytes, and the direct connection of a tubular structure and the cytoplasmic membrane was observed. These results suggest that the deformity and loss of microvilli of bile canaliculi reflect the disturbance of bile secretion from the hepatocytes. And prolonged obstruction of bile flow may result in bile excretion via the lateral surface of hepatocytes.
Rats ; Animals

We experienced a case of eisenmenger syndrome treated by simple surgical intervention. Eisenmenger syndrome refers to patients with congenital heart defects who have a systemic level of pulmonary arterial pressure and high pulmonary vascular resistance, with right-to-left or bidirectional shunting. Because a progressive rise in pulmonary vascular resistance may be better tolerated with an intracardiac communication, surgical repair in such patients may shorthen their life. But, urgent surgical intervention should be undertaken to reverse process if the pulmonary vascular disease is of recent origin. Patients who respond to vasoilator therapy, such as oxygen, are subjected to surgery. We reported a case of PDA with eisenmenger syndrome whose pulmonary vascular resistance fall following vasodilator, 100% oxygen, and closure of defect during cardiac catheterization, preoperatively, and who may faborable after simple surgical repair.
Arterial Pressure ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent* ; Eisenmenger Complex* ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Ligation* ; Oxygen ; Vascular Diseases ; Vascular Resistance

BACKGROUND: The protease inhibitor aprotinin reduces blood loss and homologous blood usage after a cardiac operation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low- and high-dose aprotinin on thromboelastography (TEG) variables and to examine the relationship between the clinical effect of aprotinin and the TEG variables in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG). METHODS: Twenty-three patients scheduled for an elective CABG were randomly assigned to receive either high does (group H, n = 12) or low does (group L, n = 11) aprotinin. TEG variables, and a coagulation profile test at baseline and arrival in ICU were performed. Amount of blood loss, homologous blood transfusion and heparin requirements were measured. RESULTS: In group L, there were significant increases in r time and k time and significant decreases in MA and alpha angle after aprotinin administration. In group H, just k time after aprotinin administration was significantly increased compared with baseline data. There were no significant differences in amount of blood loss and allogenic blood transfusions between the two groups. There was not a significant correlation between TEG variables and amount of blood loss in both groups. Interestingly a siginificant negative correlation between the length of cardiopulmonary bypass and MA was noted in group H (r = -0.63; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In CABG patients, aprotinin preserves platelet function more significantly in the high-dose aprotinin group. In addition, TEG variables indicated a later clot formation in the low dose aprotinin group.
Aprotinin* ; Blood Platelets ; Blood Transfusion ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Coronary Artery Bypass* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Heparin ; Humans ; Protease Inhibitors ; Thrombelastography*

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in immune reactions. This study was designed to identify the distribution patterns of DCs and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in cutaneous lymphomas. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to determine langerin expression on Langerhans cells, CD11b on inflammatory DCs, CD209 and CD11c on dermal DCs, CD303 on plasmacytic DCs, and Foxp3 on Tregs in 81 cases of cutaneous lymphomas. RESULTS: Various DCs and Tregs were identified in most cutaneous lymphomas. Plasmacytic DCs, inflammatory DCs and Tregs were identified mainly in tumor areas, whereas dermal DCs were distributed both in the tumor and stromal areas. Among DCs, dermal DCs were most prominently identified in the cutaneous lymphomas not only in the tumor area but also in the stroma. The intense stromal infiltration of dermal DCs was consistent finding in T-cell lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), not otherwise specified also showed intense stromal infiltration of dermal DCs, but stromal infiltration in DLBCL, leg type was relatively scant. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that all types of DCs and Tregs are involved in cutaneous lymphoma tumor immunity. Among them dermal DCs may play a dominant role.
Dendritic Cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Langerhans Cells ; Leg ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory

Background: Remifentanil can be used as adjuvants during remimazolam induction without neuromuscular blockade. We evaluated the 95% effective concentration (EC) of remifentanil effect-site concentration (Ce) for the successful insertion of an i-gel using the biased-coin up-and-down method in adult patients during remimazolam induction. Methods: Forty 19–65 year-old patients scheduled to undergo surgery using i-gel were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced using remimazolam infusion (12 mg/kg/h). Simultaneously, remifentanil was infused at a predetermined Ce. After 5 min of anesthesia induction, the i-gel was inserted. The 95% EC (EC95) of remifentanil in each patient was determined using a biased-coin up-and-down method based on a successful insertion in a preceding patient. The step size of remifentanil Ce was 0.4 ng/ml. If the insertion failed, remifentanil Ce was increased in the next patient. Following successful insertions, the corresponding concentration decreased in subsequent patients with a probability of 1/19 or was maintained with a probability of 18/19. The time from remimazolam infusion initiation to a bispectral index (BIS) < 60 (time to BIS60) and hemodynamic variables were measured and recorded. Results: The EC95 (95% CI) of Ce was 2.07 (1.94, 2.87) ng/ml. The overall time to BIS60 was 154.0 ± 39.9 s. No patient experienced significant hypotension or bradycardia during remimazolam induction. Conclusions The EC95 of remifentanil Ce was 2.07 (1.94, 2.87) ng/ml for successful i-gel insertion during remimazolam induction at 12 mg/kg/h without hemodynamic instability in adult patients. Future studies should measure remifentanil Ce in elderly patients or using remimazolam at various infusion doses.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) occasionally fails due to surgically altered anatomy, difficult cannulation, or poor general condition. This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous transhepatic papillary balloon dilatation (PTPBD) for managing extrahepatic bile duct stones. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2010, 17 out of 509 patients with extrahepatic bile duct stones and acute cholangitis were enrolled retrospectively. After PTPBD of the sphincter, the stones were extracted using an occlusion balloon to push the stone over a guidewire into the duodenum. The procedure success was evaluated based on residual stones. In addition, the size and number of stones and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 17 patients, nine had a previous gastrectomy, four had poor general condition, and four had unsuccessful cannulation. The stone diameter ranged from 8 to 25 mm. Seven, five, and five patients had one, two, or three or more stones, respectively. The results were successful in 16 out of 17 patients, with no residual stones. Treatment failed in one patient, who was then treated with the rendezvous technique with endoscopy. No procedure-related major complication occurred. Three patients had mild transient elevations of the serum amylase levels. CONCLUSIONS: PTPBD was safe and effective for managing extrahepatic bile duct stones in patients with unsuccessful or contraindicated ERCP.
Amylases ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Catheterization ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Choledocholithiasis ; Dilatation ; Duodenum ; Endoscopy ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

Simple methods for measuring the levels of serum antibody against canine distemper virus (CDV) would assist in the effective vaccination of dogs. To develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for CDV, we expressed hydrophilic extra-viral domain (HEVD) protein of the A75/17-CDV H gene in a pET 28a plasmid-based Escherichia (E.) coli vector system. Expression was confirmed by dot and Western blotting. We proposed that detection of E. coli-expressed H protein might be conformation-dependent because intensities of the reactions observed with these two methods varied. The H gene HEVD protein was further purified and used as an antigen for an ELISA. Samples from dogs with undetectable to high anti-CDV antibody titers were analyzed using this HEVD-specific ELISA and a commercial CDV antibody detection kit (ImmunoComb). Levels of HEVD antigenicity measured with the assays and immunochromatography correlated. These data indicated that the HEDV protein may be used as antigen to develop techniques for detecting antibodies against CDV.
Animals ; Antigens, Viral/*diagnostic use ; Distemper/diagnosis/*virology ; Distemper Virus, Canine/*immunology ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/virology ; Dogs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*veterinary ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Genetic Vectors/genetics ; Hemagglutinins, Viral/*diagnostic use

Carcinoid tumors originate from the enterochromaffin cells that are located in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Most of these tumors are asymptomatic and gastric carcinoid with massive gastrointestinal bleeding is found rarely. We experienced a case of gastric carcinoid admitted to our hospital due to melena and dizziness. The esophagogastroduodenoscopic examination revealed an ulcerofungating mass in the lower body which was thought to be a Borrmann type III adenocarcinoma. Microscopic examination of the biopsy specimens showed benign gastric ulcer without malignant cells. Repeated endoscopic biopsy revealed the same results. A computed tomographic scan of the abdomen showed a gastric mass with multiple perigastric enlarged lymph nodes. Histopathological examination of the operative specimen showed gastric carcinoid. We report a case of gastric carcinoid with massive bleeding mimicking advanced gastric cancer.
Abdomen ; Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Dizziness ; Enterochromaffin Cells ; Hemorrhage* ; Lymph Nodes ; Melena ; Mucous Membrane ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Stomach Ulcer

A 31-year-old woman was referred to our hospital and diagnosed as overlap syndrome with systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. After completing the fourth cycle of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, the patient developed acute confusional state with the Glasgow Coma Scale of 7. Considering the lack of response to high dose corticosteroid therapy (methylprednisolone 1 g per day for 3 days), rituximab (500 mg per week) was administered twice. The next day after the administration of the first dose of rituximab, the level of consciousness started to improve and 15 days after rituximab, mental status was fully recovered. The proportion of CD19+ B cells started to decrease within 1 week after the administration of rituximab and remained depleted for 14 weeks. There was also a gradual decrease in serum CD40 and CD80 concentration measured by ELISA up to 4 months. This case suggests the effect of rituximab for the treatment of neuropsychiatric lupus.
Female ; Humans

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a systemic vasculitis affecting small vessels. To determine the clinical features and outcomes of MPA in Korean patients, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with MPA at a single medical center in Korea between 1989 and 2006. The 18 patients who met the Chapel Hill criteria for MPA had a mean (+/-SD) age at the time of diagnosis of 62.4+/-12.7 yr. Renal manifestations and general symptoms were the most common features of MPA, with lung involvement also very common. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) were present in 17 of the 18 patients (94%). Of 17 patients treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide, 11 (65%) had stable or improved course. One patient treated with steroids without cyclophosphamide showed disease progression. Ten of the 18 patients (56%) died at a median follow-up of 8 months. MPA in Korean patients was distinguished by a higher rate of lung involvement, especially alveolar hemorrhage, which was the leading cause of death in our patients. Korean patients were also older at MPA onset and were more likely positive for ANCA. Other overall clinical manifestations did not differ significantly.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/blood ; Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Humans ; Kidney Failure/etiology ; Korea ; Lung Diseases/etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polyarteritis Nodosa/*diagnosis/drug therapy/mortality ; Pulmonary Alveoli/blood supply/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Steroids/therapeutic use ; Survival Analysis ; Treatment Outcome