Caspases are an evolutionarily conserved family of aspartate-specific cystein-dependent proteases with essential functions in apoptosis and normally exist in ceils as inactive proenzymes.In addition to the inflammatory caspases,the initiator and effector caspases have been shown to have an important role in regulating the immune response,but are involved in different ways.We give a brief introduction on the benefit of apoptosis on the clearance of invasive pathogens,and the caspase functions involved in the immune response.Then we construct a working model of caspases during pathogen invasion.A detailed description of the three modes is given in the discussion.These three modes are regulated by different inhibitors,and there may be a novel way to treat intracellular pathogen and autoimmune diseases based on the specific inhibitors.

Atrial Fibrillation ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Humans ; Pulmonary Veins ; surgery

Currently, the respiratory tract infection (RTI) is still one of the most common disease that seriously threatens children′s life and health. Timely detection of pathogens in clinical specimens of children with RTI is helpful to accurate diagnosis and reduce the irrational usage of antibiotics. It is also an important strategy to achieve the best clinical management of RTI in children. In recent years, in addition to the traditional staining and microscopy, culture and antigen detection, the polymerase chain reaction, syndromic approach testing and metagenomic next-generation sequencing have also been used for the diagnosis of pathogens in children with RTI, showing a good application prospect. This review aims to systematically summarize the classification of clinical specimens and the detection methods of common pathogens in the diagnosis process of childhood respiratory infections. This not only expands the understanding of pediatric medicine, but also provides more enlightenment for related research work.

The apical ectodermal thickening of the limb buds of mouse embryos, 11-day vaginalplug age, and epithelial cells of the villi of small intestine, 19-day mouse fetus, wereused for this observation. The limb bud ectoderm was fixed in 1% osmic acid andstained in 1% Pb(OH)_3, while the small intestine was fixed in 1.2% potassium per-magnate. There were transitional stages from minute dense vesicles of 0.01--0.07? with afew vague striations, gradually growing up into vesicles of 0.07--0.10? with definitemitochondrial cristae, and finally into organelles that could be definitely identified assmall mitochondria of 0.13?0.20? in size, They were neither fragments of degenera-ting mitochondria nor lysosomes, since their structures became more and more similar tothat of the mitochondria with their increase in size. These minute dense vesicles werefound among clusters of ribosomes, at first vaguely outlined and then with definite mem-branes and dense substance. The significance of ribosomes in relation to synthesis of themembranous protein and the matrix of the mitochondria was discussed. In the course of the formation of granulated endoplasmic reticulum, diffuse cyto-plasmic ribosomes at first arranged themselves into circular or tubular clusters. Theseclusters then transformed themselves into membrane bounded tubules and vesicles. Byfurther fusion and extension, definite granulated endoplasmic reticula were formed.Close relationship between mitochondrium, granulated endoplasmic reticulum and Golgibody has been observed but there showed no evidence of developmental significance.The granulated endoplasmic reticulum was thus considered to be formed by ribosomes.

The duodenal absorptive cells were studied in 20-day mouse fetuses as well as innew born mice after fasting for 8 hours or after resuckling following 12-hour fasting.Specimens were mainly fixed in veronal buffered 1% osmic acid, pH 7.4, at 0-4℃,sectioned in Niklowitz microtome and photographed under SEM Ⅲ electron microscope.Potassium permagnate was occasionally used as an alternative fixative. In the epithelial cells of the fetal intestine, the microvilli of the striated borderwere shorter and looser than those of the new born animal. Invaginations between thebases of the microvilli as well as the pinocytic vesicles in the terminal web had appeared.There were occasional connections between these vesicles. Below the terminal web, therewere oval mitochondria with radiating cristae. After birth they changed to rod-shape withoblique cristae. A small yet typical Golgi complex consisting of tubules and vesicles ofsmall and medium sizes but without lipoid droplet, could be located in the supranuclerregion. The fetal cells contained more ribosomes and granulated endoplasmic reticulathan those in the newborn. The invaginations and pinocytic vesicles in the terminal web of the newborn micewere found to be somewhat more prominent than those in the fetus. Interconnectionsbetween invagination and vesicles and coalescence of vesicles were present. Besides the pinocytic vesicles there were smooth surfaced tubular structures both in the terminal weband endoplasm. No lipoid droplet was present in or between the microvilli nor in thevesicles of the terminal web and endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand there werecloudy patches in some of the vesicles. In some of the larger vesicles, particularly inthose near the inner region of the apical endoplasm, the cloudy patches changed into fatdroplets of medial density. There were a kind of small granules in the groud substanceof the terminal web and endoplasm between the endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria,where they were arranged in linear groups, looking as if they were moving inward. In animals fasted for 8 hours, the absorptive epithelial cell failed to show muchchange in apical invaginations and the pinocytic vesicles. The smooth-surfaced endo-plasmic reticulum contained cloudy patches. The Golgi complex and intercellular spacewere filled with large fat droplets. In certain specimens, there appeared one kind oflipoid substance, much smaller and denser than fat droplets, in the apical smooth surfacedendoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. In resuckling specimens the pinocytic and apical endoplasmic vesicles were in generalvoid of dense substance, but with occasional cloudy patches. There were also specimenscontaining lipoid droplets in their vesicles, Golgi complex and intercellular space. It isinteresting to note that some cells might have their apical vesicles filled with homogenoussubstance of medium density which gradually rounded up into small lipoid masses in theinner region. This change together with the presence of the above-mentioned cloudy sub-stance in the outer and fat droplet in the inner vesicles of the cytoplasm were con-sidered to be the evidences of gradual formation of fat droplet by resynthesizing thehydrolyzed fat in the vesicles. The fat drops were then transferred into the inter-cellular space by the Golgi complex and smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Thecytoplasm of the resuckling intestinal was epithelium particularly rich in smooth endo-plasmic vesicles. Part of them contained fat droplets. Ribosomes and granulated endoplasmic reticulum were of common occurence. Lyso-somes were occasionally found both in the fetal and new born intestine. The structureof the terminal bar and the interdigitation of the lateral cell membranes were described.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a frequently-occurring cardiovascular disease in the clinical setting with high mortality rate.Negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression, are common in patients with CHD. These negative emotions predict a worse prognosis and rehabilitation outcome and impair the patients' quality of life. Cardiac rehabilitation can improve the emotion of anxiety and depression effectively and provide superior benefits in quality of life in CHD patients.

Tumor stage and lymph node involvement are the most important prognostic factors for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. For cervical cancer, gynecologic oncologists generally apply the criteria of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics(FIGO). However, in the current FIGO 2018 staging system, stage ⅢC is based only on the anatomical location of metastatic lymph nodes, without considering local tumor factors and other lymphatic status parameters, which limits its prognostic significance to a certain extent. The aim of this article is to summarize the influence of local tumor factors and different lymphatic status parameters on prognosis and treatment options for stage ⅢC cervical cancer.

Objective: To study the effect of interleukin 1(IL 1?) on the metabolism of osteoarthritic and normal mature condylar chondrocytes in temporomandibular joints, and investigate the role of IL 1? in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Methods: The primary generation of osteoarthritic and normal condylar chondrocytes cultured in the monolayer condition was treated with 20 ?g?L -1 recombined human interleukin 1? (rhIL 1?), and then collected to be detected with RT PCR method for the cellular metabolism including mRNA expression of type Ⅱ collagen, aggrecan, collagenase, insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), and transforming growth factor?1(TGF?1). Results: The normal mature condylar chondrocytes showed the obviously decreased mRNA expression of type Ⅱ collagen and aggrecan after the intervention of exogenous IL 1?, but less influence could be found for the collagenase expression. The osteoarthritic condylar chondrocytes exhibited the decreased mRNA expression of type Ⅱ collagen and collagenase under the effect of IL 1?, while the cellular mRNA expression of aggrecan didn’t change obviously. The intervention of exogenous IL 1? didn't show an obvious influence on the cellular expression of endogenous growth factors such as IGF 1 or TGF ?1 for both the normal and osteoarthritic condylar chondrocytes cultured in vitro. Conclusion: IL 1? could not only disturb the expression of cartilage matrix molecules by the normal condylar chondrocytes, which lead to the lesion of condylar cartilage, but also worsen the abnormal cartilage matrix environment within the osteoarthritic condylar cartilage.

BACKGROUND:The chitosan-sulfated silk fibroin artificial blood vessel was obtained in our previous study. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biocompatibility and function of the chitosan-sulfated silk fibroin artificial blood vessel replacement into the canine femoral artery. METHODS:Eight Beagles were randomly allotted to two groups, and chitosan-sulfated silk fibroin artificial blood vessel was implanted into the femoral artery (experimental group), but animalsin control group received no intervention. Six months after implantation, the coagulation function was detected, the vascular formation, including endothelial, smooth muscle and fibroblast layers were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining under electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts were found in the experimental group, which were similar with the normal vascular structures. (2) Immunohistochemistry:in the experimental group, there was a deeply stained band at the tissue edege through Factor Ⅷ staining, suggesting the formation of the endothelium;there were abundant brown particles precipitated in á-SMA staining, suggesting the vascular smooth muscle cel formation;Vimentin staining showed various brown particle precipitations indicating the fibroblast formation, and all were close to the normal vascular structures. (3) Electron microscope observed that the inner surface and section of the artificial vessel were similar with the normal one, and the three-layer structures formed in the section arranged irregularly. (4) There were no differences in the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and fibrinogen between groups. To conclude, these results suggest that the chitosan-sulfated silk fibroin artificial blood vessel holds good biocompatibility and performances.