No Abstract Available.
Clone Cells* ; Cloning, Organism* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium*

Malignant tumors of the small bowel are uncommon by comparison with those in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Adenocarcinomas account for about half of the malignant tumors of the small intestine, which account for 1% to 2% of the gastrointestinal neoplasma. Small-bowel tumors are often asymptomatic and without clinical significance, and later became symptomatic and are eventually fatal. Patient's with regional enteritis, especially those who have had segments of the intestine surgically by passed, have an increased incidence of small-bowel cancer. The author experienced a case of an adenocarcinoma at the jejunostomy site (Braun anastomosis) which was treated by using a B II type subtotal gastrectomy for stomach cancer. That case of a jejunostomy site adenocarcinoma is reported and the literature on small-bowel malignancy is reviewed.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Crohn Disease ; Gastrectomy ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Incidence ; Intestine, Small ; Intestines ; Jejunostomy ; Stomach Neoplasms

The functions of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been known to play an important role in immunity and immune responses. ILCs are rapidly-responding cells that are involved in tissue remodeling, cancer, the regulation of autoimmune inflammation and resistance to pathogens. Understanding the role of ILCs in regulating immune response could be useful for the development of new therapeutic strategies against emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases. However, the relevance of ILCs in infectious diseases was not fully uncovered. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the functional characteristics of ILCs and how these cells interact with pathogens to mediate immune responses.
Communicable Diseases ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation ; Lymphocytes*

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages can become ineffective at activating CD4+ T cells through presentation of peptide antigens by MHC class II, possibly contributing to the ability of M tuberculosis to persist despite the presence of an intact immune system. Presentation of lipid antigens may help to overcome this problem. CD1 represents the key component of an MHC independent pathway for presentation nonpeptide lipid antigens to T cells. The 38 kDa glycolipoprotein antigen of M. tuberculosis is actively secreted. The antigen induces strong antibody and T-cell responses and provided partial protection against M. tuberculosis infection in mice when it is administered either entrapped in biodegradable microparticles or in the form of a DNA vaccine. But an selective anergy to stimulation with peptide of the 38 kDa was observed in the majority of tuberculosis patients. An 38 kDa antigen has been isolated by affinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody. This antigen contains some immunosuppressive cell wall associated antigens such as lipoarabinomannan. Therefore, we purified the 38 kDa glycolipoprotein from the culture filtrate of M tuberculosis H37Rv by ammonium sulfate precipitation (55~80%), hydroxylapatite and DEAE-Sephacel column. The purified antigen showed three major bands on isoelectric focusing gel, and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis of this antigen revealed five distinct spots of the 38 kDa molecular mass. One of five spots had a N-terminal sequence identical to that of the 38 kDa glycolipoprotein (pstS-1). Other protein spots could not determine sequences. An antiserum against the recombinant 38 kDa antigen of M tuberculosis reacted strongly with the purified the 38 kDa antigen.
Ammonium Sulfate ; Animals ; Cell Wall ; Chromatography, Affinity ; DNA ; Durapatite ; Electrophoresis ; Humans ; Immune System ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; T-Lymphocytes ; Tuberculosis

No Abstract Available.
Humans ; Interleukin-12* ; Interleukin-18* ; Tuberculosis, Pleural*

No abstract available.
Humans* ; Interleukin-12* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in various cellular activities and cell survival. Almost all of the resident proteins usually enter the ER, and are modified with N-linked glycans and folded into the appropriate secondary and tertiary structures. When cells are faced with stressful conditions, unfolded proteins are accumulated in the ER. The discrepancies between the protein folding capacities and client protein load lead to ER stress. If the stress is prolonged, ER stress responses can activate apoptosis. ER stress-mediated apoptosis is implicated in the pathophysiology of human diseases, including several neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, and various infectious diseases. Thus, the ER is now considered as an important organelle that can decide cell survival or death. In this review, the recent progress on ER stress and apoptosis is summarized.
Apoptosis ; Cell Survival ; Communicable Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Humans ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Organelles ; Polysaccharides ; Protein Folding ; Proteins

Monocytes and macrophages regulate host immune system against infectious pathogens. Activated macrophages play an important role in restricting the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens. The concept of alternative activation of macrophages might provide useful insights into pathology of infectious diseases. M1 macrophages (classically activated macrophages) and M2 macrophages (alternatively activated macrophages) are associated with responses to tissue remodeling, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions in various infectious diseases. However, the relevance of macrophage polarization in several infectious diseases was not revealed clearly. Macrophage plasticity and polarization should be considered as a useful conceptual framework for understanding the unknown pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here we reviewed the recent progress on macrophage polarization and its characters in infectious diseases.
Communicable Diseases ; Immune System ; Macrophages* ; Monocytes ; Pathology ; Plastics

No abstract available.
Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone* ; Gonadotropins* ; Humans* ; Progesterone* ; Superovulation*

No abstract available.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Fever* ; Nephritis, Interstitial*