The study was designed to evaluate the significant roles of SSRI in rat of depression model. Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress has been found to depress the consumption of sweet 1% sucrose solutions in the Sprague-Dawley rats. We applied the variety of 11 types of stress regimens and identified depressive behavious(developed by Willner) in 70 Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats in experiments were stratified into 6 groups, i.e.; 3 kinds of SSRI(paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline), clomipramine, choline and saline control. Memory function was evaluated by passive avoidance learning and retention test. The authors determined how long memory retention would remain improved with 24 hour, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks at training-testing interval in depressive states of the Sprague-Dowley rats. The results were as follows; 1) There were to significant differences between the 6 groups at the 24 hour training-testing interval. 2) The paroxetine treated group showed significant differences from the control group at the 1 week and 2 weeks training-testing interval. 3) The paroxetine and the fluoxetine treated groups showed significant differences from the control group at 3 week training-testing interval. 4) The paroxetine and the choline treated groups showed significant differences from the control group 4 week training-testing interval. In summary, paroxetine had on effect on long term memory processing from 1st week to 4th week. Also, fluoxetine(or 3rd week) and choline(at 4th week) had effect on long term memory processing. Sertraline, clomipramine were ineffective on memory processing during 4 weeks observation. Possible explanations why paroxetine had early effect on memory processing than the other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are rapid bioavailability, which is the characteristics of pharmacokinetics of paroxetine. In clinical situation, author carefully suggest that SSRI would be beneficial to improve the memory function caused by depressive neurochemical changes.
Animals ; Avoidance Learning* ; Biological Availability ; Choline ; Clomipramine ; Depression ; Fluoxetine ; Memory ; Paroxetine ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors* ; Sertraline ; Sucrose

The Dandy-Walker syndrome is a developmental disorders of the brain characterized by cystic deformity of the 4th ventricle and agensis of the cerebellar vermis. Other systemic anomalies and chromosomal abnormalities are associated with this syndrome. We are experienced a case in a 9 months old male infant who presented initially with frequent vomiting, low birth weight, On the physical examination, a prominent occiput, palpable mass below the right upper quadrant, pulmonary valve stenosis, congenital dislocation of the hips, ventral flexion of fingers, clubfoots and the rocker-bottom deformities of feet were present. On the chromosomal study, there were chromosomal polymorphisms in a thickened C-band of chromosome No. 1 by C-banding method. The brain CT revealed a large, thin-walled, low density mass of CSF without enhancement in the posterior fossa, showing upward displacement of cerebellar hemisphere with absent inferior vermis(or associated with dysplastic cerebellar hemisphere). A brief review of the related literatures were included in this report.
Brain ; Chromosome Aberrations* ; Clubfoot ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Dandy-Walker Syndrome* ; Dislocations ; Fingers ; Foot ; Hip ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis ; Vomiting

The dislocation of metacarpophalangeal joint of the index is apparently rare injury and produeed by striking of the volar surface of the outstretched index against a resistent object. This injury presents certain characteristics which make it distinctly different from dislocation of the thumb or little finger. The proximal phalanx is displaced over the dorsum of the corresponding metacarpal, the hand is deformed, and the index is inclined toward the middle finger. In 1957 Kaplan reported his study about the pathological anatomy and proper treatment technique in the dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger. In this type of dislocation, closed reduction, even if performed immediately after the injury, is unsuccessful, and open reduction is mandatory. The authors have experienced a case of dorsal dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger developed 3 weeks prior to admission on 20 th, May, 1985.
Dislocations ; Fingers ; Hand ; Metacarpophalangeal Joint ; Strikes, Employee ; Thumb

No abstract available.
Chondrocytes* ; Ear* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins*

No abstract available.
Fanconi Anemia*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Rhinoplasty*

PURPOSE: To report the radiographic and clinical results of 6.5 mm cancellous full threaded buttress screw or Steinmann pin fixation to maintain a reduction of calcaneal posterior facet depression fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 2009 to June 2012, 50 consecutive cases with calcaneal joint depression fracture that underwent open reduction and screw or pin fixation were enrolled in this study. A 6.5 mm cancellous full threaded screw was inserted from the posteroinferior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity to the posterior facet (group A) or Steinman pin was inserted from the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity to the calcaneocuboidal joint (group B). Both preoperative and postoperative Bohler and Gissane angles were measured radiographically, and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scale on the final follow-up were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 44.1 years, and the mean follow-up period was 27.2 months. According to the Sanders classification, 28 cases were type II and 22 cases were type III. In Sanders type II, Bohler and Gissane angles improved significantly from 10.1degrees and 126.2degrees preoperatively to 27.2degrees and 117.1degrees, respectively, in the immediate postoperative radiograph, and at the final follow-up, 26.6degrees and 118.6degrees, respectively. In Sanders type III, Bohler and Gissane angles improved significantly from 5.0degrees and 129.8degrees to 29.9degrees and 119.3degrees, respectively, in the immediate postoperative radiograph, and 26.9degrees and 120.2degrees at the final follow-up. All cases achieved bony union, and the average period until complete union was 13.3 weeks. AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale was 82.6 in Sanders type II and 77.3 in Sanders type III at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: A 6.5 mm cancellous full threaded buttress screw or Steinman pin fixation is a noninvasive treatment method with a merit of being able to maintain the bearing capacity of the posterior facet comparable to plate fixation.
Ankle ; Calcaneus ; Classification ; Depression* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Humans ; Intra-Articular Fractures ; Joints*

No abstract available.
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Microsurgery*

BACKGROUND: This study is to demonstrate that the estimates of effective concentration (EC) inferred by logit, probit, and sigmoid Emax can be declared to be similar. METHODS: The estimates of EC (5, 25, 50, 75, 95 [%]) of 24 vecuronium concentration-single twitch response data were obtained with three pharmacodynamic methods. A paired t-test with Bonferroni's correction was used. RESULTS: The distribution of estimates by probit were narrower than that of those by logit and sigmoid Emax. The estimates of logit and sigmoid Emax were closely similar. CONCLUSIONS: It suggests that the EC estimates of other paper analysed by the different pharmacodynamic method could be lower or higher.
Colon, Sigmoid* ; Vecuronium Bromide