1.Electron Microscopic Study of the Corneal Nerve by Flat Serial Section.
Chang Eun BACK ; Yoon Jung SONG ; Myung Kyoo KO
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2001;42(6):865-870
PURPOSE: This study was performed to describe the ultrastructure of stromal nerve fibers in central, mid-peripheral, and peripheral parts of the human cornea by flat serial corneal section. METHODS: Seven samples from fresh normal cornea, derived from eyes with retinoblastoma and eyes from eye bank, were processed for transmission electron microscopic examinations. Flat serial sections reaching from mid-epithelium to the anterior stroma were observed. RESULTS: The myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers are alternately arranged and run parallel to the stromal collagen fibers at the periphery of the cornea. The main difference between the limbal and the central cornea is the presence of myelinated nerve fibers in the anterior peripheral stroma. The diameter of the unmyelinated nerve fiber measures between 0.25 and 0.63 micrometer in size. The corneal nerve fibers contain vesicles, mitochondria, and glycogen particles. The peripheral nerve fibers contain both clear and dense vesicles. The nerve fiber is separated by an interval of 0.3 micrometer from the cytoplasmic wall of keratocyte at the center of the cornea. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the corneal nerve fibers can be classified as C-fibers due to their size. The presence of both clear and dense vesicles within the cytoplasm of the periphery of the cornea suggest that a small portion in the peripheral corneal nerve may be originated from the sympathetic nervous system. A close vicinity between the nerve fibers and keratocyte supports that nerve fibers might modulate the release of growth factors in the regulation of stromal and epithelial metabolism.
Collagen
;
Cornea
;
Cytoplasm
;
Eye Banks
;
Glycogen
;
Humans
;
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
;
Metabolism
;
Mitochondria
;
Myelin Sheath
;
Nerve Fibers
;
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated
;
Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated
;
Peripheral Nerves
;
Retinoblastoma
;
Sympathetic Nervous System
2.Molecular Genetic Diagnosis of Hemophilia A by Linkage Analysis of XbaI/intron 22 DNA Polymorphism Using PCR.
Young Min CHOI ; Sung Hyo PARK ; Ko Eun BACK ; Do Yeong HWANG ; Jin CHOE ; Seung Yup KU ; Chang Suk SUH ; Seok Hyun KIM ; Jung Gu KIM ; Mi Ran LEE ; Eun Joo KIM
Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;46(4):771-775
OBJECTIVE: To set up the methodology for PCR analysis of XbaI/intron 22 polymorphism of the factor VIII gene, and to identify the usefulness of XbaI/intron 22 polymorphism analysis for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A in the Korean population. DESIGN: A laboratory analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A XbaI/intron 22 polymorphism of the factor VIII gene was analyzed in 56 unrelated Korean mothers of patients with severe hemophilia A, using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Analysis of XbaI/intron 22 polymorphisms of the factor VIII gene were feasible by PCR method. The expected heterozygosity rates of XbaI/intron 22 polymorphism of the factor VIII gene were 44.8%. Analysis of XbaI/intron 22 polymorphism revealed heterozygous patterns in 22 (39.3%) of 56 mothers studied. Using linkage analysis with XbaI/intron 22 polymorphism, we have attempted one case of carrier detection and two cases of prenatal diagnosis in two families of patients with severe hemophilia A. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PCR analysis of the XbaI/intron 22 polymorphism within the factor VIII gene is very useful in the carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A in the Korean population.
Diagnosis*
;
DNA*
;
Factor VIII
;
Hemophilia A*
;
Humans
;
Molecular Biology*
;
Mothers
;
Polymerase Chain Reaction*
;
Prenatal Diagnosis
3.A Case of Retroperitoneal Cystic Lymphangioma.
Chang Ho LEE ; Jeong Hwa CHOI ; Eun Ju HAN ; Jin Gook KIM ; Bung Do NAM ; Jae Won BACK ; Mun Kyu PARK
Journal of the Korean Pediatric Society 2000;43(1):111-116
Cystic lymphangiomas are comparatively rare, benign tumors of lymphatic system and their histogenesis are uncertain. About 75% of theses lesions are in the neck, 20% are in the axillary region, and 5% are in the mediastinum, retroperitoneal region or groin. But retroperitoneal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare. Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangiomas are usually found incidentally during diagnostic procedures performed for unrelated clinical reasons or at surgery. Although retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma is a benign lesion, it may cause significant morbidity due to its large size and its often invasive character with a strong tedency to secondary infection. They generally present as a palpable mass or abdominal pain and fever related to hemorrhage or inflammation of the cystic wall. The treatment of choice is surgical excision. We experienced a case of retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma in a 4-year-old boy who had developed rapid abdominal distention and abdominal pain for 4 days. We have completely excised large cystic mass & histologically confirmed cystic lymphangioma. A brief review of literature was made.
Abdominal Pain
;
Child, Preschool
;
Coinfection
;
Fever
;
Groin
;
Hemorrhage
;
Humans
;
Inflammation
;
Lymphangioma, Cystic*
;
Lymphatic System
;
Male
;
Mediastinum
;
Neck
4.Post-traumatic Infrapatellar Bursitis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in an Immunocompetent Patient.
Dong Won PARK ; Ji Eun KIM ; Su Young BACK ; Hye Sun PARK ; Chang Nam SON ; Seong Eun AHN ; HyeJeong PARK ; Si Hyong JANG ; Seung Sam PAIK ; Chung Hyuk CHOI ; Tae Yeal CHOI ; Hyunjoo PAI
Infection and Chemotherapy 2008;40(5):292-296
Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rare pathogen, frequently found in water, soil, animals and plant materials. It can cause infections involving skin, soft tissue and skeletal system after direct inoculation of the pathogen through surgical traumas, punctures and injections. We report a case of infrapatellar bursitis caused by M. fortuitum in an immunocompetent, 42-year-old female, which occurred after bicycle trauma. She experienced marked improvement after surgical excision and debridement of the wound site and antimicrobial therapy.
Adult
;
Animals
;
Bursitis
;
Debridement
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Mycobacterium
;
Mycobacterium fortuitum
;
Plants
;
Punctures
;
Skin
;
Soil
5.Post-traumatic Infrapatellar Bursitis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in an Immunocompetent Patient.
Dong Won PARK ; Ji Eun KIM ; Su Young BACK ; Hye Sun PARK ; Chang Nam SON ; Seong Eun AHN ; HyeJeong PARK ; Si Hyong JANG ; Seung Sam PAIK ; Chung Hyuk CHOI ; Tae Yeal CHOI ; Hyunjoo PAI
Infection and Chemotherapy 2008;40(5):292-296
Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rare pathogen, frequently found in water, soil, animals and plant materials. It can cause infections involving skin, soft tissue and skeletal system after direct inoculation of the pathogen through surgical traumas, punctures and injections. We report a case of infrapatellar bursitis caused by M. fortuitum in an immunocompetent, 42-year-old female, which occurred after bicycle trauma. She experienced marked improvement after surgical excision and debridement of the wound site and antimicrobial therapy.
Adult
;
Animals
;
Bursitis
;
Debridement
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Mycobacterium
;
Mycobacterium fortuitum
;
Plants
;
Punctures
;
Skin
;
Soil
6.Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers; Part III. Management of Advanced Differentiated Thyroid Cancers - Chapter 1-2. Locally Recurred/Persistent Thyroid Cancer Management Strategies 2024
Ho-Ryun WON ; Min Kyoung LEE ; Ho-Cheol KANG ; Bon Seok KOO ; Hyungju KWON ; Sun Wook KIM ; Won Woong KIM ; Jung-Han KIM ; Young Joo PARK ; Jun-Ook PARK ; Young Shin SONG ; Seung Hoon WOO ; Chang Hwan RYU ; Eun Kyung LEE ; Joon-Hyop LEE ; Ji Ye LEE ; Cho Rok LEE ; Dong-Jun LIM ; Jae-Yol LIM ; Yun Jae CHUNG ; Kyorim BACK ; Dong Gyu NA ;
International Journal of Thyroidology 2024;17(1):147-152
These guidelines aim to establish the standard practice for diagnosing and treating patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Based on the Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) Guidelines on DTC management, the “Treatment of Advanced DTC” section was revised in 2024 and has been provided through this chapter. Especially, this chapter covers surgical and nonsurgical treatments for the local (previous surgery site) or regional (cervical lymph node metastasis) recurrences. After drafting the guidelines, it was finalized by collecting opinions from KTA members and related societies. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for local or regional recurrence of advanced DTC. If surgical resection is not possible, nonsurgical resection treatment under ultrasonography guidance may be considered as an alternative treatment for local or regional recurrence of DTC. Furthermore, if residual lesions are suspected even after surgical resection or respiratory-digestive organ invasion, additional radioactive iodine and external radiation treatments are considered.
7.Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers; Part V. Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Cancer 2024
Jung-Eun MOON ; So Won OH ; Ho-Cheol KANG ; Bon Seok KOO ; Keunyoung KIM ; Sun Wook KIM ; Won Woong KIM ; Jung-Han KIM ; Dong Gyu NA ; Sohyun PARK ; Young Joo PARK ; Jun-Ook PARK ; Ji-In BANG ; Kyorim BACK ; Youngduk SEO ; Young Shin SONG ; Seung Hoon WOO ; Ho-Ryun WON ; Chang Hwan RYU ; Sang-Woo LEE ; Eun Kyung LEE ; Joon-Hyop LEE ; Jieun LEE ; Cho Rok LEE ; Dong-Jun LIM ; Jae-Yol LIM ; Ari CHONG ; Yun Jae CHUNG ; Chae Moon HONG ; Hyungju KWON ; Young Ah LEE ;
International Journal of Thyroidology 2024;17(1):193-207
Pediatric differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs), mostly papillary thyroid cancer (PTC, 80-90%), are diagnosed at more advanced stages with larger tumor sizes and higher rates of locoregional and/or lung metastasis. Despite the higher recurrence rates of pediatric cancers than of adult thyroid cancers, pediatric patients demonstrate a lower mortality rate and more favorable prognosis. Considering the more advanced stage at diagnosis in pediatric patients, preoperative evaluation is crucial to determine the extent of surgery required. Furthermore, if hereditary tumor syndrome is suspected, genetic testing is required. Recommendations for pediatric DTCs focus on the surgical principles, radioiodine therapy according to the postoperative risk level, treatment and follow-up of recurrent or persistent diseases, and treatment of patients with radioiodine-refractory PTCs on the basis of genetic drivers that are unique to pediatric patients.
8.Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers; Part I. Initial Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers - Chapter 2. Surgical Management of Thyroid Cancer 2024
Yoon Young CHO ; Cho Rok LEE ; Ho-Cheol KANG ; Bon Seok KOO ; Hyungju KWON ; Sun Wook KIM ; Won Woong KIM ; Jung-Han KIM ; Dong Gyu NA ; Young Joo PARK ; Kyorim BACK ; Young Shin SONG ; Seung Hoon WOO ; Ho-Ryun WON ; Chang Hwan RYU ; Jee Hee YOON ; Min Kyoung LEE ; Eun Kyung LEE ; Joon-Hyop LEE ; Ji Ye LEE ; Dong-Jun LIM ; Jae-Yol LIM ; Yun Jae CHUNG ; Chan Kwon JUNG ; Jun-Ook PARK ; Hee Kyung KIM ;
International Journal of Thyroidology 2024;17(1):30-52
The primary objective of initial treatment for thyroid cancer is minimizing treatment-related side effects and unnecessary interventions while improving patients’ overall and disease-specific survival rates, reducing the risk of disease persistence or recurrence, and conducting accurate staging and recurrence risk analysis. Appropriate surgical treatment is the most important requirement for this purpose, and additional treatments including radioactive iodine therapy and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression therapy are performed depending on the patients’ staging and recurrence risk. Diagnostic surgery may be considered when repeated pathologic tests yield nondiagnostic results (Bethesda category 1) or atypia of unknown significance (Bethesda category 3), depending on clinical risk factors, nodule size, ultrasound findings, and patient preference. If a follicular neoplasm (Bethesda category 4) is diagnosed pathologically, surgery is the preferred option. For suspicious papillary carcinoma (suspicious for malignancy, Bethesda category 5), surgery is considered similar to a diagnosis of malignancy (Bethesda category 6). As for the extent of surgery, if the cancer is ≤1 cm in size and clinically free of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) (cT1a), without evidence of cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis (cN0), and without obvious reason to resect the contralateral lobe, a lobectomy can be performed. If the cancer is 1-2 cm in size, clinically free of ETE (cT1b), and without evidence of cervical LN metastasis (cN0), lobectomy is the preferred option. For patients with clinically evident ETE to major organs (cT4) or with cervical LN metastasis (cN1) or distant metastasis (M1), regardless of the cancer size, total thyroidectomy and complete cancer removal should be performed at the time of initial surgery. Active surveillance may be considered for adult patients diagnosed with low-risk thyroid papillary microcarcinoma. Endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy may be performed for low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer when indicated, based on patient preference.
9.Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers; Overview and Summary 2024
Young Joo PARK ; Eun Kyung LEE ; Young Shin SONG ; Bon Seok KOO ; Hyungju KWON ; Keunyoung KIM ; Mijin KIM ; Bo Hyun KIM ; Won Gu KIM ; Won Bae KIM ; Won Woong KIM ; Jung-Han KIM ; Hee Kyung KIM ; Hee Young NA ; Shin Je MOON ; Jung-Eun MOON ; Sohyun PARK ; Jun-Ook PARK ; Ji-In BANG ; Kyorim BACK ; Youngduk SEO ; Dong Yeob SHIN ; Su-Jin SHIN ; Hwa Young AHN ; So Won OH ; Seung Hoon WOO ; Ho-Ryun WON ; Chang Hwan RYU ; Jee Hee YOON ; Ka Hee YI ; Min Kyoung LEE ; Sang-Woo LEE ; Seung Eun LEE ; Sihoon LEE ; Young Ah LEE ; Joon-Hyop LEE ; Ji Ye LEE ; Jieun LEE ; Cho Rok LEE ; Dong-Jun LIM ; Jae-Yol LIM ; Yun Kyung JEON ; Kyong Yeun JUNG ; Ari CHONG ; Yun Jae CHUNG ; Chan Kwon JUNG ; Kwanhoon JO ; Yoon Young CHO ; A Ram HONG ; Chae Moon HONG ; Ho-Cheol KANG ; Sun Wook KIM ; Woong Youn CHUNG ; Do Joon PARK ; Dong Gyu NA ;
International Journal of Thyroidology 2024;17(1):1-20
Differentiated thyroid cancer demonstrates a wide range of clinical presentations, from very indolent cases to those with an aggressive prognosis. Therefore, diagnosing and treating each cancer appropriately based on its risk status is important. The Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) has provided and amended the clinical guidelines for thyroid cancer management since 2007. The main changes in this revised 2024 guideline include 1) individualization of surgical extent according to pathological tests and clinical findings, 2) application of active surveillance in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, 3) indications for minimally invasive surgery, 4) adoption of World Health Organization pathological diagnostic criteria and definition of terminology in Korean, 5) update on literature evidence of recurrence risk for initial risk stratification, 6) addition of the role of molecular testing, 7) addition of definition of initial risk stratification and targeting thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations according to ongoing risk stratification (ORS), 8) addition of treatment of perioperative hypoparathyroidism, 9) update on systemic chemotherapy, and 10) addition of treatment for pediatric patients with thyroid cancer.