Early correction of congenital cardiac defects has been facilitated by the use of deep hypothermia and cardiorespiratory arrest. Simple deep hypothermia has a number of advantages for infant open heart surgery, such as a quiet heart and bloodless operative field, reduced blood requirement, elimination of pulmonary and coagulation problems following cardiopulmonary bypass, elimination of cannulation, simple anesthetic technique, no neccessity of complicated facilities, and stable postoperative course. Deep ether anesthesia is the ideal agent for induction of deep hypothermia by surface cooling, especially when combined with ganglionic blocking agents in large quantities to elimiminate some of the undesirable effects of ether, thus improving and maintaining good peripheral perfusion. We have performed a total correction of TOF on March, 1979. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopental and succinylcholine for intubation and maintained by a tight closed circuit system with ether. As soon as routine EKG, direct intra-arterial pressure, esophageal and rectal temperature monitoring devices were installed, slow intravenous administration of triflupromazine was followed by surface cooling. Surface cooling was done by the technique of covering the child with bags of crushed ice after placing the infant on an ice water blanket. After cooling, the intracardiac procedure was performed under circulatory occlusion and cardiac arrest, following cardioplegic infusion, for 45 minutes. After the intracardiac procedure, cardiac resuscitation and rewarming were accomplished by cardiopulmonary bypass technique. The patient recovered satisfactorily and was discharged on POD14 without any complication.
Administration, Intravenous ; Anesthesia ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Catheterization ; Child ; Electrocardiography ; Ether ; Ganglionic Blockers ; Heart ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Ice ; Infant ; Intubation ; Perfusion ; Resuscitation ; Rewarming ; Succinylcholine ; Tetralogy of Fallot* ; Thiopental ; Thoracic Surgery ; Triflupromazine ; Water

The development of colorectai cancer following pelvic irradiation has been a much less common event. A 58-years-old woman presented with tenesmus for 5 months. She had a stage IIb, carcinoma of the cervix for which she underwent radiation therapy in 27 years before. Colonscopic findings revealed polypoid mass and irregular ulceration on the rectum and proctitis associated with stricture that was compatible with her previous history of radiation. Histoyathological examination of the polypectomy specimen disclosed adenocarcinoma. So we reported a case of radiation induced carcinoma of reotum which might be the first case in Korean literature. It therefore, behooves the clinician who follows patients whose carcinoma of the cervix or corpus uteri has been cured by radiation therapy to be vigilant for the subsequent development of colon and rectal cancer.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Cervix Uteri ; Colon ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Humans ; Proctitis ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Rectum ; Ulcer ; Uterus

The genets of Suillus granulatus in a Pinus strobus stand (13 m × 60 m) were identified using random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers and the DNA of mushrooms that fruited for two years, and variations in genet size and distribution were analyzed. From a total of 116 mushrooms, 73 genets were identified and were grouped into three locations. The genets of mushrooms in close proximity differed from each other. The genet sizes varied at any of the three locations. The lengths of the identified genets in the pine stand ranged from 0.09 to 2.90 m. The average number of mushrooms per genet was 1.2 to 2.3, and the percentage of genets that were represented by a single mushroom was 44% to 94%. This variation in the genets of mushrooms in close proximity suggests that the ectomycorrhizal mycelial bodies of S. granulatus propagated sexually by fusing haploid spores derived from the mushrooms gills with below-ground mycelia. Therefore, it is necessary further to investigate the formation of new genets through spores in ectomycorrhizal fungal colonies.
Agaricales ; Animals ; DNA ; Fruit* ; Gills ; Haploidy ; Pinus* ; Spores ; Viverridae

This study was conducted to understand how osmotic potentials in Lentinula edodes tissues are related to water contents and how they change while a mushroom matures. Water content and osmotic potential of L. edodes mushroom tissues from log cultivation and sawdust cultivation were measured and the relationships were analyzed. Osmotic potentials in the tissues were exponentially proportional to their moisture contents and there were strain differences in the potentials. Strain 290 has lower osmotic potential than strain 302, in the tissues at the same water content. As the mushrooms mature, tissue water content maintained ca 94% in head tissues and ca 90% in gills, but significantly decreased from ca 90% to 82% in the stipe tissues. Osmotic potential changes were similar to the tissue water content changes as the mushrooms mature. While osmotic potentials maintained -0.25 to -0.45 MPa in head and gill tissues, the potentials greatly decreased from -0.65 to -1.33MPa in stipe tissues. Our results show that osmotic potentials in L. edodes tissues are exponentially proportional to tissue water contents, that strains differ in osmotic potential related to water, and that stipe tissues can still have nutritional value when they mature.
Agaricales ; Animals ; Gills ; Head ; Lentinula ; Nutritive Value ; Shiitake Mushrooms ; Sprains and Strains

Ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia are a classical triad of Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS). The experience of dizziness secondary to ophthalmoplegia is also not uncommon. However, nystagmus is rare and vertigo, a symptom of vestibulocerebellar dysfunction, has not been reported yet. A 56-year-old woman visited our hospital due to sudden vertigo. Initial examination revealed nystagmus evoked by a bilateral horizontal gaze with left side dysmetria. The next day, her symptoms rapidly aggravated to ophthalmoplegia, severe ataxia, areflexia, and quadriplegia. She was diag-nosed with MFS and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. On the fourth day, she developed respiratory fail-ure and a ventilator was applied. Twenty-eight days after her admission, she recovered to the point of walking without any aid and was discharged with minimal disability. There are still controversies surrounding the nosology of MFS and many investigators have reported evidence for brainstem involvement. Vertigo can be additional evidence for the involvement of the central nervous system in MFS.
Ataxia ; Brain Stem ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebellar Ataxia ; Dizziness ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Middle Aged ; Miller Fisher Syndrome* ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Quadriplegia ; Research Personnel ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Vertigo* ; Walking

Minimal growth inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chitosan acetate (M.W. 60 kDa) on heterotrophic bacteria (strains MK1, S, and R) isolated from the soft-rotten tissues of Neungee mushroom (Sarcodon aspratus) were measured. The slimy substance produced by the MK1 strain was responsible for the diseased mushroom's appearance. The S and R strains were members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. These strains showed different levels of susceptibility toward chitosan acetate. The MIC of chitosan acetate against the MK1 and S strains was 0.06%. The MIC against the R strain was greater than 0.10%. Survival fractions of the MK1 and S strains at the MIC were 3 x 10(-4) and 1.4 x 10(-3) after 24 h, and 2 x 10(-4) and 7 x 10(-4) after 48 h, respectively. Survival fractions of the R strain after 24 and 48 hr at 0.1% chitosan acetate were 1 x 10-2 and 6.9 x 10(-3), respectively. Compared to the MK1 and S strains, the low susceptibility of the R stain towards chitosan acetate could be due to the ability of the R strain to utilize chitosan as a carbon source. Thirty-eight percent of Neungee pieces treated in a 0.06% chitosan acetate solution for 2~3 second did not show any bacterial growth at 4 days, whereas bacterial growth around untreated mushroom pieces occurred within 2 days. These data suggest that chitosan acetate is highly effective in controlling growth of indigenous microorganisms on Neungee. The scanning electron micrographs of the MK1 strain treated with chitosan revealed a higher degree of disintegrated and distorted cellular structures.
Agaricales ; Bacteria ; Burkholderia cepacia complex ; Carbon ; Cellular Structures ; Chitosan ; Electrons ; Sprains and Strains

The incidence of colon cancer and cancer-related deaths has been increased in Korea. Because most colon cancers arise from colonic adenomatous polyps, it is important to detect these early and to resect such lesions, and so the incidence of endoscopic polypectomy has increased in Korea since 1970's. At present, conventional colonoscopy is the standard for evaluating the colon, and especially for the screening and treatment of colon tumor. However, the entire colon cannot be visualized during conventional colonoscopy in 5~15% of patients due to a redundant colon, an excessive loop or a history of abdominal surgery. To overcome these difficulties, many radiologic and endoscopic studies have been conducted and there are several recent reports that double balloon enteroscopy has been successfully used in cases of failed conventional colonoscopy. We report here on a case of laterally spreading tumor that was resected with double balloon enteroscopy in a severely redundant colon.
Adenomatous Polyps ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colonoscopy ; Double-Balloon Enteroscopy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mass Screening

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the efficacy of early scheduled follow-up endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) after common bile duct (CBD) stone removal. METHODS: Patients who underwent endoscopic CBD stone removal and who had at least one risk factor for stone recurrence were enrolled. Six months after complete clearance of the CBD, patients underwent follow-up ERCP at an ambulatory care center, irrespective of symptoms. RESULTS: The incidence of symptoms and cholangitis at follow-up ERCP was significantly lower in Group A (ERCP at 6 months after stone removal) than that in Group B (ERCP at >6 months) (14.3% vs 71.4%, p=0.00; 9.5% vs 33.3%, p=0.02, respectively). However, the recurrence rates of CBD stones were not different between Groups A and B (33.3% vs 47.6%). When comparing the subgroups, Group AR (stone recurrence in Group A) displayed significantly fewer symptoms and lesser cholangitis and spent fewer days in the hospital than did Group BR (stone recurrence in Group B) (21.4% vs 70%, p=0.02; 14.3% vs 60%, p=0.02; 2.43+/-1.87 vs 6.10+/-3.35, p=0.00, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, irrespective of symptoms, early scheduled follow-up ERCP for patients who are at a high risk of recurrence is effective and safe.
Ambulatory Care ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Common Bile Duct ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether elevated or low levels of maternal serum alpha- fetoprotein(AFP) measured at 15-20 weeks of gestation predict increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, including preterm birth(before 36 weeks of gestation), fetal growth retardation(FGR), preeclampsia, placental abruption, FDIU, placenta previa and fetal anomaly. METHOD: Data of pregnancy outcomes in singleton pregnancies with elevated or low maternal serum AFP levels measured at 15-20 weeks of gestation were gathered retrospectively. As a part I study, case-control study including 106 women with maternal serum AFP) 2.0 MOM(Multiples of median) and matched control group of 212 women with 0.5 MOM Abruptio Placentae ; alpha-Fetoproteins* ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mothers ; Placenta Previa ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome* ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Retrospective Studies

The purpose of this study is to understand spatio-temporal changes of active fungal biomass and water in Tricholoma matsutake soil colonies during the mushroom fruiting season. The active fungal biomass was estimated by analyzing ergosterol content at four different points within four replicated locations in a single circular T. matsutake colony at Ssanggok valley in the Sogri Mt. National Park in Korea during 2003 to 2005. The four points were the ahead of the colony, the front edge of the colony and 20 cm and 40 cm back from the front edge of the colony. Ergosterol content was 0.0 to 0.7 microg per gram dried soil at the ahead, 2.5 to 4.8 microg at the front edge, 0.5 to 1.8 microg at the 20 cm back and 0.3 to 0.8 microg at the 40 cm back. The ergosterol content was very high at the front edge where the T. matsutake hyphae were most active. However, ergosterol content did not significantly change during the fruiting season, September to October. Soil water contents were lower at the front edge and 20 cm back from the front edge of the colony than at the ahead and 40 cm back during the fruiting season. Soil water content ranged from 12 to 19% at the ahead, 10 to 11% at the edge, 9 to 11% at the 20 cm back and 11 to 15% at the 40 cm back. Our results suggest that the active front edge of the T. matsutake soil colony could be managed in terms of water relation and T. matsutake ectomycorrhizal root development.
Agaricales ; Biomass ; Ergosterol ; Fruit ; Hyphae ; Korea ; Seasons ; Soil ; Tricholoma ; Water