No abstract available.
Hearing* ; Humans ; Tinnitus*

No abstract available.
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous*

No Abstract Available.
Dislocations* ; Nasal Cavity* ; Orbit*

BACKGROUND: Epidural morphine has side effects, especially pruritus, nausea, and vomiting. Butorphanol has been added in studies to reduce these side effects in post cesarean patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the side effects and analgesic efficacy when a combination of epidural morphine and butorphanol was administered in patients having combined local anesthetic and opioid epidural infusion. METHODS: Sixty patients having epidural anesthesia for cesarean section were randomly divided into two groups. Group M (n=30) received a bolus of 0.25% bupivacaine 4 ml, morphine 2 mg, and saline 0.75 ml, whereas group B (n=30) received a bolus of 0.25% bupivacaine 4 ml, morphine 2 mg, and butorphanol 1.5 mg (0.75 ml). Continuous epidural infusion was done by Two-day Infusor containing either 0.25% bupivacaine 75 ml, morphine 5 mg, and saline 20 ml in group M or 0.25% bupivacaine 75 ml, morphine 5 mg, butorphanol 4 mg (2 ml), and saline 18 ml in group B. We compared the side effect and analgesic effect of group M to those of group B for 2 days. RESULTS: The incidence of pruritus and vomiting were reduced significantly in group B (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between both groups in the incidence of nausea or other side effects as well as no differences in analgesic effect. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the addition of butorphanol to morphine in combined local anesthetic and opioid epidural infusion for postoperative analgesia decreases the occurrence of pruritus and vomiting without significant increase of other side effects and adverse effect on analgesia.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Bupivacaine ; Butorphanol* ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infusion Pumps ; Morphine* ; Nausea ; Pregnancy ; Pruritus ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Calcium* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

No abstract available.
Electrolytes* ; Lung*

BACKGROUND: Epidural steroids injections are often used for the treatment of low back pain but their effects on the endocrine system have not been determined. Few studies have quantified the degree or duration of the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in humans given epidural triamcinolone injection (ETI) for low back pain. The evaluation of the blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol was undertaken to determine the extent of suppression of the HPA axis in patients given ETI. METHODS: Lumbar epidural triamcinolone injections were performed on the painful lumbar intervertebral space with patients in the lateral decubitus position. The injection consisted of 40 mg of triamcinolone acetonide diluted in 10 mL of 1% lidocaine. Patients remained in the lateral position for 10 min after the procedure. Basal blood sampling was performed at 30 min before ETI and tested blood sampling was obtained at 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days after ETI. RESULTS: The blood cortisol level was significantly decreased at 7 days and 10 days but at 14 days was not significantly decreased and the blood ACTH level was not significantly decreased at 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days. CONCLUSIONS: Above results demonstrate that blood ACTH and cortisol level normalize 7 days and 14 days, respectively, after epidural triamcinolone 40 mg injection.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Endocrine System ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone* ; Lidocaine ; Low Back Pain ; Steroids ; Triamcinolone Acetonide ; Triamcinolone*

In the article, Methods of Hematoxylin and Erosin Image Information Acquisition and Optimization in Confocal Microscopy, there was a typographical error in the title.

No abstract available.
Hemorrhage*

BACKGROUND: Recently, the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rapidly increased with prolongation of life spans, improvements of food and life styles in Korea. The mortality rate of AMI is higher than other disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate which factors can affect the early outcome of AMI in Korean. METHODS: A retrospective clinical study was done on 555 consecutive patients{Male:Female=387 (69.7%):168 (30.3%), mean age 61.3 years} with AMI who had been admitted to Dong-San Medical Center from January 1990 to May 1997 . The subjects were devided into two groups. Group I was dead patients during the in-hospital period (85 patients, 15.3%), and Group II was living patients (470 patients, 84.7%) wen they discharged from hospital. We compared clinical and laboratory results in both groups and analysed the cause of death according to the time of death during hospitalization. RESULTS: The results were as folows; 1) The mean age and female percentage of Group I (65.4 years, 43%) were higher than Group II (60.5 years, 28%). The mean of systolic/diastolic blood pressure and percentage of smoker of Group I (108/65mmHg, 48%) were lower than Group II (125/76mmHg, 65%), significantly. 2) The degree of Killip classification was higher in Group I (class 1:29.4%, II:18.8%, III:21.2%, IV:30.6%) than in Group II patients (class 1:73.4%, II:13.6%, III:8.7%, IV:4.3%), significantly. 3) 47 patients were died first day of hospitalization and the most common cause of death was cardiogenic shock (27 patients, 31%). The most common cause of death within 1 week was cardiogenic shock, afterthen congestive heart failure. 4) The most common cause of death in Killip class I patients was ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation and in Killip class II-IV patients was cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSION: The risk of in-hospital death was higher in elderly, female sex, and patients with higher killip classification. Cardiogenic shock was most common cause of death within 1 week, and was congestive heart failure after 1 week.
Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Cause of Death ; Classification ; Female ; Heart Failure ; Hospitalization* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Life Style ; Life Support Care ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Retrospective Studies ; Shock, Cardiogenic ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Ventricular Fibrillation