Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy is a kind of ischemic optic neuropathy, the incidence rate of which is lower with less obviously clinical features, less positive signs and more difficultly diagnosis when compared with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.Meanwhile, therapeutic method of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy has remained controversial.This article will summarize the research development of the auxiliary examination, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic method of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Adult ; Choanal Atresia ; etiology ; therapy ; Constriction, Pathologic ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Nasopharyngeal Diseases ; etiology ; therapy ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; Palate ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; therapy ; Uvula ; surgery

Root canal therapy is the most efficient way to treat pulptitis and periapical inflammation, which can clear infections of root canal systems, fill the root canal firmly, and avoid reinfection. However, the variations in root canal morphology and complexity of infection confer difficulty in thoroughly eliminating microorganisms and their by-products in the root canal system, especially in the root apex area (including the top one-third of the root canal and periapical tissue), which is described as the hardest area to clean during endodontic treatment. Infection is difficult to remove entirely because the apex area is hard to approach using dental instruments and because of the existence of special morphological structures, such as apical ramification, intercanal anastomoses, and lateral branch of root canal. This review gives a brief introduction of the characteristics and difficulties of apical infection and knowledge on how to control such infections, including root apex preparation, irrigation and disinfection, and root canal filling.
Dental Pulp Cavity ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Periapical Periodontitis ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Root Canal Irrigants ; Root Canal Obturation ; Root Canal Preparation ; Root Canal Therapy

Objective To discuss the technical specifications of current high-frequency electrotome detection,to avoid the hidden danger of high-frequency electrotome power detectors,and to measure the leakage current of different kinds of highfrequency electrotome accurately.Methods The power and leakage current of the high frequency electrotome were measured by FLUCK QA-ES Ⅱ high frequency electrotome analyzer.The safety of the two methods was compared before and after the improvement of the power measurement.Four parameters of leakage current were repeatedly measured with the ways of high frequency earthing and high frequency isolation respectively.The maximum measurement of leakage current was recorded.Results The improved connection method was safe in the power measurement.For the high-frequency electrotome in the model of high frequency earthing,the values of leakage current were restrained within the range of error with two ways of monopolar loading operation electrode and neutral electrode.For the high-frequency electrotome in the model of high frequency isolation,the values of leakage current were limited within the range of error withtwo ways of monopolar empty operation electrode and neutral electrode.Conclusion The improved high-frequency electrotome power detection method is safe for detectors.The data obtained from the leakage current detection method using the national standard correction method reflect the actual state of the high-frequency electrotome,when the electrotome with earth as the reference is used to detect the leakage current with loading or the insulated electrotome is applied to measuring the leakage current with no loading.

Objective To estimate and optimize the dosage regimen of vancomycin and linezolid for treatment in different Gram-positive cocci infections. Methods The pharmacokinetic data of vancomycin and linezolid were collected, and the pharmacodynamics in vitro of these drugs for staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium were analysed. The cumulative response fraction (CFR) was evaluated in different dosage regimens of two drugs against four types of bacteria. Results The regimen of 3 500 mg/d vancomycin was recommended for patients with staphylococcus epidermidis infection. The regimen of 2 500 mg/d vancomycin was recommended for patients with staphylococcus aureus infection. The regimens of 3 000 mg/d vancomycin and 400 mg linezolid given 2 times/day were recommended for patients with enterococcus faecalis infection. The regimens of 2 500 mg/d vancomycin and 400 mg linezolid given 2 times/day were recommended for patients with enterococcus faecium infection. Conclusion In application of vancomycin and linezolid for treatment of Gram-positive cocci infections, different dosage regimens should be used in different types of infections.

Objective To analyze the image characteristics of chest schwannoma in coincidence 18FFDG SPECT studies,and to evaluate its prospective diagnostic function on chest schwannoma.Methods Four cases confirmed as schwannoma by surgery and pathology were enrolled in this retrospective study.Enhanced CT and coincidence 18F-FDG SPECT studies were performed before surgery.Imaging characteristics for the diagnosis of chest schwannoma were summarized.Results Tumors were totally removed by surgery.The histological diagnosis of schwannoma was confirmed by pathological,HE and immunohistological staining examination (positivity for the S-100 protein and vimentin),including 1 case of malignant schwannoma and 3 cases of benign.Four cases all showed high uptake of 18F-FDG.The uptake in malignant schwannoma was much higher than that in benign schwannoma.Benign schwannomas were noninvasive masses and mainly showed compression symptoms,with obvious lobulation and distinct borders.Malignant schwannoma was invasive masses.Conclusions 18 F-FDG coincidence SPECT is of limited value as a prospective diagnostic imaging technique for the identification of benign schwannoma from malignant schwannoma.But it could play an important role in the staging,restaging,and post-therapy follow-up of schwannoma.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of dobutamine?stressed cardiac morphing ( CM) MPI ( CMMPI) for coronary artery disease ( CAD) in middle?aged patients. Methods A total of 97 middle?aged patients (52 males, 45 females, age 40-65 (52.98±7.74) years) from March 2011 to Febru?ary 2015 with chest distress, cardiopalmus and chest pain symptoms ( suspected CAD) were retrospectively studied. Informed consents were signed by patients before examination. All patients underwent one?day dobu?tamine?stressed/rest CMMPI and CAG within one month. The diagnostic value of CMMPI was assessed and compared with CAG. Results CMMPI revealed 42 abnormal cases and 9 normal cases in 51 cases with cor?onary artery stenosis by CAG. CMMPI found 11 abnormal cases and 35 normal cases in 46 cases with normal coronary artery by CAG. In comparison with CAG, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CMMPI were 82.35%(42/51), 76.09%(35/46), 79.38%(77/97), 79.25%(42/53)and 79.55%(35/44) respectively. The side effect was slight and transient with an inci?dence of 82.47%(80/97). Conclusion The dobutamine?stressed CMMPI has an important value for the diagnosis of CAD and the assessment of myocardial damage in middle?aged patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes in liver function and the efficacy of either hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) or open splenectomy (OS) in combination with pericardial devascularization in the treatment of portal hypertension. MethodsThe clinical data of 94 patients who received splenectomy combined with pericardial devascularization to treat portal hypertension due to cirrhosis from Jan 2002 to May 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. 56 patients received OS and 38patients HALS. The operating time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, liver dysfunction and mortality were analyzed according to the Child's grading. ResultsThere was no difference in the operating time between HALS and OS (P＞0. 05). The intraoperative blood loss and postoperative complications were 5.6% and 10.8%, respectively (P＜0. 05). There was no significant difference in the serum ALT between HALS and OS, but there was a significant difference in the ALB (P＜0. 05). The AST also had a significant difference on postoperative day 5 (P＜0. 05). The serum ALT and AST were elevated after HALS, but there was a significant difference only for AST (P＜0.05). The serum ALT and AST in OS were significantly higher after than before operation (P＜0. 05). The serum ALB in OS was significantly lower after operation (P＜0.05), but it was significantly lower only on postoperative days 1 and 3 (P＜0.05) in HALS. ConclusionsCompared with OS, HALS combined with pericardial devascularization caused less damage to the intestinal tract and the liver function. It is a feasible and safe operation and it had fewer postoperative complications.

Objective To analyse the antibiotics susceptibility result of Neisseria gonorrhoeae(N.g) isolates.Method 95 strains of N.g were performed the in-vitro susceptibility test.MICs of penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, and spectinomycin were determined by agar dilution.Results Almost all of the N.g strains were susceptible to the first-line antibiotics used for treating the infection. The resistance rate to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and penicillin were 100%, 78.9% and 68.4% respectively.Conclusion Although N.g is susceptible to first-line antibiotics used for treating the infections at the clinics, the situation of resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin is very serious.

Objective To evaluate the changes of the upper airway of the patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) before and after operations and to know the effects of operations by MSCT. Methods The upper airway dimensions of 26 patients with OSAS were measured on multiplanar reformatted (MPR), curved-planar reformatted (CPR), volume rendering(VR) images of 16-slice spiral CT. The measurements include the anteroposterior calibres and the areas on the reformatted axial images on the pharyngeal cavity levels, the calibres and the minimum areas in retropalatal and retroglossal regions, the areas of the soft palate and uvula on the reformatted sagittal view with maximum thickness, the maximum wall thickness of the right and left the upper airway on the coronary images, the volume of the upper airway before and after the operations. The measurements were correlated with the polysomnography (PSG) records. The data were analyzed paired-samples t-test and Pearson correlations. Results By comparison, the anteroposterior calibres and the cross-sectional areas on the reformatted axial view of the lower retropalatal region (slice 4) of the upper airway increased significantly after operations. The anteroposterior diameter increased from 5. 9 mm before operations to 12.8 mm after operations, where t = - 5.506, P < 0.05. The areas increased from 51.0 mm~2 before operations to 275.0 mm~2 after operations, where t = -5.011, P <0.05. In the higher retropalatal region (shce 2) of the upper airway, the anteroposterior diameter decresased from 14.8 mm before operations to 9.2 mm after operations, where t = 2.867, P < 0.05. The areas decreased from 241.0 mm~2 before operations to 128.0 mm~2 after operations, where t = 3.087, P < 0.05. The anteroposterior calibres of retroglossal region (slice 7) decreased from 12.7 mm before operations to 10.3 mm after operations,where t = 3.718, P <0.05. The L-R calibres and the minimum areas of of retropalatal increased significantly from 6.4 mm, 33.0 mm~2 before operation to 10.9 mm, 76. 0 mm~2 after operation, where t = -3.413, -2. 216, respectively and P < 0.05. Of the 9 cases whose apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) ≤5 events/hour after operations, the minimum areas of retropalatal region, the anterio-posterior diameter, L-R calibres increased significantly. The areas increased from 41.0 mm2 before operations to 76.0 mm~2 after operations, were t = -4. 932, P <0.05. The anteroposterior calibres increased from 4.6 mm before operations to 6.6 mm after operations, where t = - 7. 308, P < 0.05. The L-R calibres increased from 8.3 mm before operations to 13.6 mm after operations, where t = - 4.320, P < 0.05. Conclusions MPR、CPR、VR of MSCT can evaluate the not only the morphology but the function changes of the upper airways on the OSAS patients. The increasing of the minimum cross-sectional area may be one of the important indications for evaluating operations. The narrowing of the higher retropalatal region of the upper airway after operations should be an alert to the clinicians.