The purpose of this study is to know the present situation of head louse infestation among the students in Yongyang-gun, Kyongsangbuk-to From May 11 to June 20, 1984, a total of 5,937 students in 23 primary and 3 middle schools were examined to identify the adult worms of head louse and/or their nits on the hair. The results are as follows: The overall infestation rate was 44.5 percent and the rates ranged from 19.6 percent to 88.6 percent by each school. In primary schools, the rate was 53.0 percent and in middle schools, 27.1 percent. The school boys' rate was 33.2 percent and the school girls' 55.6 percent, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The rates were different by grades in middle schools. The rates were different by areas (Myons) (p<0.001). The adult worms collected from the students were Pediculus humanus var. capitis.
parasitology ; arthropod ; head louse ; Pediculus humanus capitis ; epidemiology

PURPOSE: Recent studies have shown that the false negative rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is less than 5% and SLN biopsy is accepted as a highly accurate method for evaluating axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the location of SLNs and external anatomical structures of axilla in order to help a proper skin incision. METHODS: Between July 2001 and May 2002, SLN biopsies were performed in 25 breast cancer patients. SLNs were detected by hand-held gamma probe after subareolar injections of 99m-Tc antimony sulfur colloid. The location of the SLNs was indicated in terms of distance and direction from the lateral border of pectoralis major muscle and the axillary hair line. Breast conserving surgery or mastectomy was performed with axillary dissection in all cases. RESULTS: The location of tumors was the upper outer quadrant in 11 cases; the central portion in 4 cases; the upper inner quadrant in 4 cases; the lower inner quadrant in 3 cases; and the lower outer quadrant in 3 cases. Lymph nodemetastases were found in 5 cases of which SLNs were only metastatic nodes in 2 cases. The mean number of SLNs was 1.6. The false negative rate of SLN biopsy was 4.0% (1/25), giving a diagnostic accuracy of 96.0% (24/25). All the SLNs were located between the lateral border of pectoralis major muscle and the axillary hair line and the distance from the inferior tip of the hair line was as follows: 2 cases within 0.5 cm; 3 cases between 0.6 cm and 1 cm; 14 cases between 1.1 cm and 1.5 cm; 2 cases between 1.6 cm and 2.0 cm; 3 cases between 2.1 cm and 2.5 cm; 1 case between 2.6 cm and 3.0 cm. All the SLNs were located within a 3 cm diameter circle between the axillary hair line and the lateral border of pectoralis major muscle. CONCLUSION: The SLNs in breast cancer are located in a small area between the lateral border of pectoralis major muscle and the axillary hair line.
Antimony ; Axilla ; Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Colloids ; Hair* ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mastectomy ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Skin ; Sulfur

BACKGROUND: The clinical features of breast cancer associated with pregnancy and lactation remain unknown in many aspects, partly because the incidence is relatively low. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic characteristics and the survival rate of pregnancy-associated breast cancer patients. METHODS: Among 1,265 breast cancer patients treated at the Breast Clinic of Asan Medical Center from July 1989 to December 1998, 13 subjects with breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy (2 cases) and lactation (11 cases) were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: The incidence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer was 1.03% of all breast cancer patients. The mean age and the symptom duration of the subjects was 31.2 years and 8.8 months, repectively. As for surgical procedure, a modified radical mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery were carried out in 10 cases (76.9%) and 2 cases (15.4%), respectively. The median tumor size was 4.0 cm. Lymph node metastases were found in 7 cases (61.5%). According to the TNM classification, all of the patients showed stage II or above tumors. Invasive ductal carcinoma (10 cases, 76.9%) was the most common histopathologic type of tumor. The positive rate of ER and PR in the subjects were 63.6% and 50.0%, respectively. The 3-year overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate were 69.9% and 44.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that most of the patients with breast cancer during pregnancy and lactation are in a more advanced stage with a delay in detection and diagnosis, and hence have a unfavorable prognosis.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lactation* ; Lymph Nodes ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pregnancy* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate