Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

BACKGROUND: The adolescent years are a window of opportunity to influence lifelong bone health. Bone acquisition is accelerated within the genetic potential by lifestyle choices. But some adolescent girls do not care about healthy lifestyle and nutrient uptake. Therefore, we investigated the nutrition and health behavior relating to bone acquisition. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was administered to high school girl students from 4 general and 4 commercial high schools in Uijongbu, Incheon, Suwon, and Yongin. The data was gathered from 378 girls by self-reported questionnaire, which included age, height, weight, health behavior relating to bone acquisition and food-frequency. Nutrient uptake was assessed by DIET PLUS 3.0 program. RESULTS: Girls with bone acquisition inhibiting health habits were reported. Among subjects, 12.2% had regular alcohol intake, 21% smoked daily, 77.7% did not exercise regularly, 58% had light-activity, 42.2% experienced weight reduction trial, 30% had low body weight and 72.8% had less than 2 meals a day. In nutrient uptake, 33.1% of subjects took less calcium uptake and 4% less protein uptake than recommended daily allowance. Comparing general and commercial high schools, commercial students had more bone acquisition inhibiting health habits. CONCLUSION: There were many high school girl students with bone acquisition inhibiting health and eating habits. Family physicians need to promote and educate good health habits with a balanced meal associated with bone acquisition in girls, especially commercial high school students.
Adolescent ; Body Weight ; Calcium ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Eating ; Female* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Behavior* ; Humans ; Incheon ; Life Style ; Meals ; Physicians, Family ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Smoke ; Weight Loss ; Surveys and Questionnaires

There has been little data on the prevalence of supplement use and the characteristics of the dietary supplement users in the Republic of Korea. This study presents the prevalence and the details of any dietary supplement use and the characteristics of the adults who use dietary supplements in the Republic of Korea. Between May 18 and June 16, 2006, nationwide and population-weighted personal interviews with 6,201 adult aged from 30 to 69 years were conducted and the final sample consisted of 3,000 people with a 49.8% response rate. We examined the prevalence and details of the use of dietary supplements and the characteristics of those who use the dietary supplement among adults. About sixty two percent of adults had taken any dietary supplement during the previous 12-month period in 2006. The most commonly reported dietary supplement was ginseng, followed by multivitamins, glucosamine, probiotics, and vitamin C. Female (versus male), an older age group, a higher family income, those living in metropolitan cities, those with marital experience, those with a higher level of education, and those having medical problems had a greater likelihood of reporting the use of any dietary supplements. The particular relationships differed depending on the type of supplement. The most Korean adults took one more dietary supplement and the dietary supplement users had different demographic and health characteristics compared to those of the nonusers. Research on diet supplements by the medical community is needed in the future.
Adult ; Aged ; Ascorbic Acid ; Complementary Therapies ; Demography ; Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Glucosamine ; Humans ; Morinda ; Panax ; Prevalence ; Probiotics ; Republic of Korea

Von Meyenburg complexes (VMC) have many synonyms such as bile duct hamartomas and biliary hamartoma. These rare benign disorders are considered as congenital diseases caused by malformed differentiation of ductal plate. The diagnosis of VMC by common radiologic modality such as ultrasound and computed tomography was nearly impossible until the emergence of cholangiopancreatography by magnetic resonance imaging (MRCP) and the pathologic examination was the only way to confirm the diagnosis of VMC. But MRCP is now considered as most accurate noninvasive method for diagnosis of VMC. We report a histologically proven case of VMC associated with calculous cholecystitis, cerebral aneurysm and renal cortical cyst. To our knowledge, no comparable case has been reported and this would be the only second reported case of VMC, which was diagnosed by MRCP.
Bile Ducts ; Cholecystitis* ; Diagnosis ; Hamartoma ; Intracranial Aneurysm* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Ultrasonography

There is no doubt that the diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricular plays an important role in the pathophysiogy of clinical heart faliure in some patients, if not all, and that many hypertensive subjects manifest diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in its early hypertensive stage. But yet, it is not clear which paramenter is most sensitive and/or specific, and consistent with pathophysiologic states. In order to have an insight into the problems, 30 hypertensives and 30 normotensive subjects were studied by phonocardiogram and pulsed Doppler echocardiogram at the left ventricular inflow and then isovolumic relaxation time(A2D time), early diastolic deceleration time(EDDT), early diastolic deceleration rate(EDDR), late diastolic time(LDT), E.A velocity ratio[E/A(v)]and E/A area ratioA(a)] were measured and calculated. And the values of each parameters of different groups were subgrouped according to the severity of the hypertension(Group A:mild, B:moderate and C:severe hypertension) and according to the LV mass(Group D:LVMI<125g/m2, GroupE:LVMI> or =125g/m2) were compared with those of the normal control subjects and also between each subgroups. The results were as follows : 1) In the 30 normotensive subjects, A2D time was averaged out 60.8+/-12.5msec, E/A(v) 1.55+/-0.59, E/A(a) 2.61+/-1.35, EDDT 1.35+/-37.8msec, EDDR8.3+/-4, 6m/sec2 and LDT 151+/-42.2msec. 2) In group A, A2D time was significantly prolonoged(82.5+/-26.0msec, p<0.005) and E/A(v) markedly decreased(1.12+/-0.40, p<0.05) compared to those of normotensive group. 3) In group B, A2D time was significantly prolonged(78+/-20.8msec, p<0.005), and E/A(v)(0.92+/-0.42, p<0.005) and EDDR(4.9+/-1.5m/sec2, p<0.05) were significantly decreased compared to those of the control group. 4) In group C, A2D and EDDT were increased(p<0.005, p<0.05 respectively) while E/A(v) and EDDR decreased(p<0.01, p<0.05 respedtively), while E/A(v) and EDDR decreased(p<0.01, p<0.005 respectively). 5) In group D, A2>D and EDDT were significantly prolonged(p<0.005), while E/A(v), E/A(a) and EDDR wer significantly decreased(p<0.005, p<0.05 respectively). 6) In group E, A2D and EDDT were significantly increased(p<0.005, p<0.05 respectively), while E/A(v) and EDDR significantly decreased(p<0.005, p<0.05 respectively). Above results suggest that diastolic function of the left ventricle can be deteriorated in the hypertensive subjects before systolic dysfunction is apparent even in the mild hypertensives and in the patients devoid of hypertensive hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
Deceleration ; Heart ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Hypertrophy ; Relaxation

The left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH) in the hypertensive patients is known to be associated with relatively higher risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this sense the reversal of LVH with blood pressure control, if attained, could yeild an additional benefit of reducing cardiovascular morbidity and/or mortaility associated with hypertension. However pathogenesis of LVH, the attitude of the LVH to regerss with blood pressure control in a particular patient and whether the regression is really beneficial are not clear. In order to see the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors on LVH and the age group difference of the LVH regresion, if attainable, 26 hypertensive patients with LVH(LVMI:Left Ventricular Mass Index>125g/m2) were treated with enalapril or captopril for more than 12 weeks and the LVMI followed and the regression rates in younger group "A"(less than 50 years of age) and elder group "B" were compared(LVMI, level of blood pressure, kinds and dosage of enalapril or captopril were not different between the two groups). The LVMI was significantly decreased in both groups, in group A from 191.6+/-74.9g/m2 to 139.7+/-52.0g/m2, and in group B from 185.5+/-58.7g/m2 to 163.9+/-58.7g/m2. In group A the percent decrease of LVMI was significantly higher than that of group B(25.3+/-14.9% versus 10.3+/-8.6%, p<0.005). Above results suggest that enalapril and captopril are equally effective in reducing LVMI in hypertensive patients with LVH and the regression of the LVMI is more marked in the younger age group in this relatively short-term treated small population study.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Angiotensins* ; Blood Pressure* ; Captopril ; Enalapril ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular* ; Mortality ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A*