This review examines the therapeutic potential of neuromodulation methods, including neurofeedback, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as non-pharmacological interventions for children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A comprehensive review of current studies was conducted, focusing on each technique’s mechanism, application, and efficacy in managing ADHD symptoms and cognitive deficits. Studies included human participants with ADHD, evaluating changes in symptom severity and cognitive outcomes. Neurofeedback demonstrated efficacy in symptom reduction, particularly when combined with pharmacotherapy, yielding sustained improvements. tDCS showed moderate efficacy, especially in attention and impulsivity control; however, variability in protocols and pediatric response highlights the need for standardization. TMS exhibited mixed outcomes, with high-frequency TMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicating potential cognitive benefits, though results were inconsistent across studies. Neuromodulation presents a promising complementary approach for ADHD treatment in children, potentially addressing limitations of pharmacotherapy. Future research should focus on optimizing stimulation parameters, increasing sample sizes, and refining methodologies to establish neuromodulation as part of standard ADHD treatment protocols.

This review examines the therapeutic potential of neuromodulation methods, including neurofeedback, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as non-pharmacological interventions for children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A comprehensive review of current studies was conducted, focusing on each technique’s mechanism, application, and efficacy in managing ADHD symptoms and cognitive deficits. Studies included human participants with ADHD, evaluating changes in symptom severity and cognitive outcomes. Neurofeedback demonstrated efficacy in symptom reduction, particularly when combined with pharmacotherapy, yielding sustained improvements. tDCS showed moderate efficacy, especially in attention and impulsivity control; however, variability in protocols and pediatric response highlights the need for standardization. TMS exhibited mixed outcomes, with high-frequency TMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicating potential cognitive benefits, though results were inconsistent across studies. Neuromodulation presents a promising complementary approach for ADHD treatment in children, potentially addressing limitations of pharmacotherapy. Future research should focus on optimizing stimulation parameters, increasing sample sizes, and refining methodologies to establish neuromodulation as part of standard ADHD treatment protocols.

This review examines the therapeutic potential of neuromodulation methods, including neurofeedback, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as non-pharmacological interventions for children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A comprehensive review of current studies was conducted, focusing on each technique’s mechanism, application, and efficacy in managing ADHD symptoms and cognitive deficits. Studies included human participants with ADHD, evaluating changes in symptom severity and cognitive outcomes. Neurofeedback demonstrated efficacy in symptom reduction, particularly when combined with pharmacotherapy, yielding sustained improvements. tDCS showed moderate efficacy, especially in attention and impulsivity control; however, variability in protocols and pediatric response highlights the need for standardization. TMS exhibited mixed outcomes, with high-frequency TMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicating potential cognitive benefits, though results were inconsistent across studies. Neuromodulation presents a promising complementary approach for ADHD treatment in children, potentially addressing limitations of pharmacotherapy. Future research should focus on optimizing stimulation parameters, increasing sample sizes, and refining methodologies to establish neuromodulation as part of standard ADHD treatment protocols.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the Nonsuicidal Self-injury Inventory (K-NSSI) through the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI) developed by Gratz for the Korean context and confirm its reliability and validity for clinical application. Methods: A total of 188 participants were analyzed utilizing the DSHI, the Korean version of the Self-harm Inventory, the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features (PAI-BOR), and the DSM-5 Level-2-Depression scale (Level-2-Dep). Cronbach’s α assessed their reliability, while frequency analysis examined the items of the K-NSSI scales.Validity of the K-NSSI was confirmed through correlation analyses between K-NSSI (tendency for and frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI] behavior) and SHI, PAI-BOR total scale, four subscales of PAI-BOR, and Level-2-Dep scale. Polyserial correlations analyzed the correlation between the presence of NSSI behavior and other scales.Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling explored the relationship between borderline personality features and self-harm. Results: Cronbach’s α was 0.71, indicating an “acceptable” level of reliability. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the presence of NSSI behavior and the total scores of SHI and PAI-BOR, and the four subscales of PAI-BOR. The frequency of NSSI showed statistically significant correlations with the total score of SHI and PAI-BOR, and its four subscales. Notably, 13.8% of participants reported engaging in self-harm behaviors, 26.9% reported a single occurrence, and 73.1% reported two or more instances. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that self-harm adequately predicted borderline personality traits. Conclusion This study successfully validated the adaptation of DSHI into K-NSSI. The K-NSSI can facilitate interventions for self-harm incidents.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the Nonsuicidal Self-injury Inventory (K-NSSI) through the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI) developed by Gratz for the Korean context and confirm its reliability and validity for clinical application. Methods: A total of 188 participants were analyzed utilizing the DSHI, the Korean version of the Self-harm Inventory, the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features (PAI-BOR), and the DSM-5 Level-2-Depression scale (Level-2-Dep). Cronbach’s α assessed their reliability, while frequency analysis examined the items of the K-NSSI scales.Validity of the K-NSSI was confirmed through correlation analyses between K-NSSI (tendency for and frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI] behavior) and SHI, PAI-BOR total scale, four subscales of PAI-BOR, and Level-2-Dep scale. Polyserial correlations analyzed the correlation between the presence of NSSI behavior and other scales.Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling explored the relationship between borderline personality features and self-harm. Results: Cronbach’s α was 0.71, indicating an “acceptable” level of reliability. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the presence of NSSI behavior and the total scores of SHI and PAI-BOR, and the four subscales of PAI-BOR. The frequency of NSSI showed statistically significant correlations with the total score of SHI and PAI-BOR, and its four subscales. Notably, 13.8% of participants reported engaging in self-harm behaviors, 26.9% reported a single occurrence, and 73.1% reported two or more instances. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that self-harm adequately predicted borderline personality traits. Conclusion This study successfully validated the adaptation of DSHI into K-NSSI. The K-NSSI can facilitate interventions for self-harm incidents.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the Nonsuicidal Self-injury Inventory (K-NSSI) through the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI) developed by Gratz for the Korean context and confirm its reliability and validity for clinical application. Methods: A total of 188 participants were analyzed utilizing the DSHI, the Korean version of the Self-harm Inventory, the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features (PAI-BOR), and the DSM-5 Level-2-Depression scale (Level-2-Dep). Cronbach’s α assessed their reliability, while frequency analysis examined the items of the K-NSSI scales.Validity of the K-NSSI was confirmed through correlation analyses between K-NSSI (tendency for and frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI] behavior) and SHI, PAI-BOR total scale, four subscales of PAI-BOR, and Level-2-Dep scale. Polyserial correlations analyzed the correlation between the presence of NSSI behavior and other scales.Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling explored the relationship between borderline personality features and self-harm. Results: Cronbach’s α was 0.71, indicating an “acceptable” level of reliability. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the presence of NSSI behavior and the total scores of SHI and PAI-BOR, and the four subscales of PAI-BOR. The frequency of NSSI showed statistically significant correlations with the total score of SHI and PAI-BOR, and its four subscales. Notably, 13.8% of participants reported engaging in self-harm behaviors, 26.9% reported a single occurrence, and 73.1% reported two or more instances. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that self-harm adequately predicted borderline personality traits. Conclusion This study successfully validated the adaptation of DSHI into K-NSSI. The K-NSSI can facilitate interventions for self-harm incidents.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the Nonsuicidal Self-injury Inventory (K-NSSI) through the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI) developed by Gratz for the Korean context and confirm its reliability and validity for clinical application. Methods: A total of 188 participants were analyzed utilizing the DSHI, the Korean version of the Self-harm Inventory, the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features (PAI-BOR), and the DSM-5 Level-2-Depression scale (Level-2-Dep). Cronbach’s α assessed their reliability, while frequency analysis examined the items of the K-NSSI scales.Validity of the K-NSSI was confirmed through correlation analyses between K-NSSI (tendency for and frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI] behavior) and SHI, PAI-BOR total scale, four subscales of PAI-BOR, and Level-2-Dep scale. Polyserial correlations analyzed the correlation between the presence of NSSI behavior and other scales.Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling explored the relationship between borderline personality features and self-harm. Results: Cronbach’s α was 0.71, indicating an “acceptable” level of reliability. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the presence of NSSI behavior and the total scores of SHI and PAI-BOR, and the four subscales of PAI-BOR. The frequency of NSSI showed statistically significant correlations with the total score of SHI and PAI-BOR, and its four subscales. Notably, 13.8% of participants reported engaging in self-harm behaviors, 26.9% reported a single occurrence, and 73.1% reported two or more instances. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that self-harm adequately predicted borderline personality traits. Conclusion This study successfully validated the adaptation of DSHI into K-NSSI. The K-NSSI can facilitate interventions for self-harm incidents.