PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of axial length (AXL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) on the accuracy of the Haigis formula in comparison to its effect on other 3rd generation IOL power calculations. The possibility of measurement error in ACD using either method was also investigated. METHODS: A study was performed on 137 eyes of 98 patients who underwent cataract surgery in our hospital. AXL and ACD were measured using IOL Master, and IOL power was calculated using the Haigis, SRK/T, Hoffer Q, and Holladay 1 formulas. ACD was also measured using Pentacam. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on ACD and AXL. Mean numeric error and mean absolute error were analyzed 1 month after surgery. RESULTS: Five formulae showed no significant difference in refractive error in the 3 groups based on AXL. In contrast, the Haigis formula showed statistically significant differences in the group with shallow ACD, in which hyperopic shift was also demonstrated. The difference in ACD between using IOL Master and using Pentacam was significant in the shallow ACD group, with IOL Master showing more shallow measurement. However, the other groups based on ACD showed no significant difference in the refractive error from the Haigis formula, and in the difference in ACD between measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Errors in ACD measurement should be taken into consideration for discrepancy between the Haigis formula measurement and other formula measurements. The authors of the present study suggest that ACD-driven refractive error should be considered in determination of IOL.
Anterior Chamber ; Cataract ; Eye ; Humans ; Refractive Errors

This retrospective observational case series on eyes from three patients was done to elucidate the developmental mechanism of spontaneous reattachment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (SRRRD). The study eyes of each patients showed evidence of retinal break and diffuse retinal pigmentary change. Ultrasound biomicroscopic examination revealed vitreous fibers attached to the area around the retinal break. Posterior vitreous attachment was confirmed in each eye. A thin fibrovascular membrane incompletely sealing the retinal break was noted in one case. We suggest that the vitreous attachment around the retinal break and the sealing of the break with adjacent vitreous fibers seem to be involved in the developmental mechanism of SRRRD.
Adult ; Atrophy ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Remission, Spontaneous ; Retina/*abnormalities/pathology/*physiopathology ; Retinal Detachment/*etiology/pathology/*physiopathology ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium/abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Vitreous Body/abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To compare clinical outcomes after deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) with Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) performed as initial cases by a single surgeon. METHODS: Sixteen patients with corneal endothelial were enrolled. Eight patients (8 eyes) underwent DLEK and 8 patients (8 eyes) DSEK. We measured uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), manifest refraction, corneal endothelial count, interface opacity via Schiempflug imaging, and contrast sensitivity, as well as tracked postoperative complications over the first postoperative year. RESULTS: Primary graft failure occurred in two DLEK cases and one DSEK case, all of which were excluded for further analysis. The average 12-month postoperative BCVA was 20/70 in the DLEK group and 20/50 in the DSEK group, with the difference not statistically significant. No significant differences were identified between the 2 groups in terms of mean spherical equivalent and refractive astigmatism, although individuals in the DSEK group tended toward hyperopia. The average endothelial cell count at postoperative month 12 was 1849+/-494 in the DLEK group and 1643+/-417 cells/mm2 in the DSEK group, representing cell losses of 26.2% and 31.9%, respectively. No significant differences in endothelial cell count or endothelial cell loss were observed between groups. Early postoperative donor disc dislocation occurred in two eyes after DLEK and one eye after DSEK. Interface opacities and contrast sensitivities were similarly not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in any assessed clinical outcome were observed between individuals undergoing DLEK and DSEK, when performed as initial cases by a single surgeon.
Aged ; Cell Count ; Corneal Edema/pathology/*surgery ; Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty/*methods ; Endothelium, Corneal/pathology ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Microscopy, Acoustic ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Visual Acuity

Many risk factors exist for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). This study utilized a multivariate projection technique to identify which risk factors were predictive of CINV in clinical practice. A single-centre, prospective, observational study was conducted from January 2007~July 2010 in Singapore. Patients were on highly (HECs) and moderately emetogenic chemotherapies with/without radiotherapy. Patient demographics and CINV risk factors were documented. Daily recording of CINV events was done using a standardized diary. Principal component (PC) analysis was performed to identify which risk factors could differentiate patients with and without CINV. A total of 710 patients were recruited. Majority were females (67%) and Chinese (84%). Five risk factors were potential CINV predictors: histories of alcohol drinking, chemotherapy-induced nausea, chemotherapy-induced vomiting, fatigue and gender. Period (ex-/current drinkers) and frequency of drinking (social/chronic drinkers) differentiated the CINV endpoints in patients on HECs and anthracycline-based, and XELOX regimens, respectively. Fatigue interference and severity were predictive of CINV in anthracycline-based populations, while the former was predictive in HEC and XELOX populations. PC analysis is a potential technique in analyzing clinical population data, and can provide clinicians with an insight as to what predictors to look out for in the clinical assessment of CINV. We hope that our results will increase the awareness among clinician-scientists regarding the usefulness of this technique in the analysis of clinical data, so that appropriate preventive measures can be taken to improve patients' quality of life.
Alcohol Drinking ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Demography ; Deoxycytidine ; Drinking ; Fatigue ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; Nausea ; Principal Component Analysis ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Risk Factors ; Singapore ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: To report a case of a primary conjunctival epithelial cyst in the orbit. CASE SUMMARY: A 60-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of proptosis of the left eye, which had developed about 2 years earlier. Upon initial examination, a movable mass was palpated in the medial aspect of the left orbit. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit showed a 2.5 cm-sized, ovoid, cystic mass located between the left eyeball and the medial wall of the orbit. Excisional biopsy of the orbital mass was performed. The orbital mass was a well-circumscribed cystic lesion, adherent to the medial rectus muscle. Histological examination revealed that the cyst was lined with multiple layers of cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells. A diagnosis of primary conjunctival cyst was made. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of primary conjunctival cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis for an orbital cystic mass.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Epithelium ; Exophthalmos ; Eye ; Female ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Muscles ; Orbit

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of 4OH-Tamoxifen (OHT) on proliferation and apoptosis of primary cultured prostate stromal cells.

METHODSPrimarily cultured prostate stromal cells in vitro were treated with various concentrations (10(-8) mol/L - 10(-5) mol/L) of estradiol (E2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), OHT and the mixture of E2 (10(-8) mol/L - 10(-6) mol/L) with OHT (10(-7) mol/L) and then MTT and TUNEL were used to detect their proliferation and apoptosis respectively.

RESULTSThere was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between OHT and estrogens in the effects on the apoptosis and proliferation of the primarily cultured prostate stromal cells. OHT suppressed proliferation of the prostate stromal cells at the concentrations from 10(-7) mol/L to 10(-5) mol/L (P < 0.05), and this effect was concentration related (r = -0.383, P = 0.005); OHT (10(-7) mol/L) suppressed the proliferation stimulation effect of E2 at the concentrations from 10(-8) mol/L to 10(-6) mol/L (P < 0.05). OHT induced apoptosis at the concentrations from 10(-8) mol/L to 10(-5) mol/L (P < 0.05), and this effect was concentration related (r = 0.349, P = 0.012). The apoptosis induced by OHT could not be reversed by E2 at the concentrations from 10(-8) mol/L to 10(-5) mol/L (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONOHT can obviously suppressed the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of primarily cultured prostate stromal cells, which might not be totally attributed to the competitive inhibition of the estrogen receptor.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate ; cytology ; Stromal Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Tamoxifen ; pharmacology

Objective: To explore susceptibility genes for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Methods: Whole-exome sequencing was carried out for 60 family trios affected with sporadic ASD. Genetic variants discovered in over 10% of the patients were selected for genotype-phenotype correlation and pathway enrichment analysis using Phenolyzer software and metascape database. Combining gene-phenotypic scores, pathway-related genes associated with neural and neurite triggering were screened for the candidates. Results: A total of 170 common variants were found to be associated with the ASD phenotype. Among these, there was only one high-confidence gene [SHANK2 (0.8146)] and four medium-confidence genes [ERBB2 (0.1322), LAMC3 (0.1117), PPFIA4 (0.1059), DISC1 (0.1002)]. Twenty-pathways and four biological processes were found to be statistically significant by pathway enrichment analysis, which included neuron projection morphogenesis (GO: 0048812), regulation of neuroblast proliferation (GO: 1902692), modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential (GO: 0098815), and dendrite morphogenesis (GO: 0048813). Twenty-one genes were found to be closely associated with neurological and neurite triggering, among which only SHANK2, ERBB2, and DISC1 had above-medium confidence correlation scores with the ASD phenotypes. Conclusion Abnormal neuron projection morphogenesis (GO: 0048812) may be closely related to the occurrence of ASD. SHANK2, ERBB2, and DISC1 are susceptibility genes for ASD.

Background/Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with diabetes. The cumulative impact of both diseases synergistically increases risk of adverse events. However, present population analysis is predominantly conducted with reference to non-NAFLD individuals and has not yet examined the impact of prediabetes. Hence, we sought to conduct a retrospective analysis on the impact of diabetic status in NAFLD patients, referencing non-diabetic NAFLD individuals. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 was used. Hepatic steatosis was defined with United States Fatty Liver Index (US-FLI) and FLI at a cut-off of 30 and 60 respectively, in absence of substantial alcohol use. A multivariate generalized linear model was used for risk ratios of binary outcomes while survival analysis was conducted with Cox regression and Fine Gray model for competing risk. Results: Of 32,234 patients, 28.92% were identified to have NAFLD. 36.04%, 38.32% and 25.63% were non-diabetic, prediabetic and diabetic respectively. Diabetic NAFLD significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, chronic kidney disease, all-cause and CVD mortality compared to non-diabetic NAFLD. However, prediabetic NAFLD only significantly increased the risk of CVD and did not result in a higher risk of mortality. Conclusions Given the increased risk of adverse outcomes, this study highlights the importance of regular diabetes screening in NAFLD and adoption of prompt lifestyle modifications to reduce disease progression. Facing high cardiovascular burden, prediabetic and diabetic NAFLD individuals can benefit from early cardiovascular referrals to reduce risk of CVD events and mortality.

Apart from clinical, histological and biochemical indices, genomics are now being employed to unravel the pathogenetic mechanisms in the disease progression of IgA nephritis (IgAN). The results of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism have been controversial. Those patients with the DD genotype seem to have a poorer prognosis. However, with high dose angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy, the ACE gene polymorphism status of a patient may no longer be a matter for concern as those with the DD genotype would also respond favourably to high dose ARB therapy. Association studies with gene sequencing and haplotypes have suggested that multiple genes are involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN. Some workers have reported a synergistic effect in the combined analysis of AGT-M235T and ACE I/D polymorphism. With the use of deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) microarray, tens of thousands of gene expressions genome-wide can be examined together simultaneously. A locus of familial IgAN has been described with strong evidence of linkage to IgAN1 on chromosome 6q22-23. Two other loci were reported at 4q26-31 and 17q12-22. DNA microarray techniques could also help in the identification of specific pathogenic genes that are up- or down-regulated and this may allow genome wide analyses of these genes and their role in the pathogenesis and progression of IgAN. Recently, using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) more loci for disease susceptibility for IgAN have been identified at 17p13, 8p23, 22q12, 1q32 and 6p21.
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; administration & dosage ; Disease Progression ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Genomics ; methods ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; drug therapy ; genetics ; pathology ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

BACKGROUNDThe use of doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) play an important role in the pathological process of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of chrysoeriol, a flavone compound, against DOX-induced apoptosis and death in H9c2 cells and to find out its preliminary mechanism.

METHODSWe used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Hoechst33258 staining and measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release to evaluate the protective effect of chrysoeriol against DOX-induced apoptosis and death in H9c2 cells. To find out the mechanism of this protective effect, we observed the immunofluorescence of intracellular ROS and measured the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of chrysoeriol on the antitumor activity of DOX in HeLa cells with MTT assay.

RESULTSThe results of MTT assay, Hoechst 33258 staining and measurement of LDH release showed that chrysoeriol significantly reduced doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and cell death. Chrysoeriol at a dose of 20 microg/ml notably reduced intracellular ROS, decreased the concentration of MDA in the supernatant of DOX-treated H9c2 cells and increased SOD and GPx activities to their normal levels. Further study showed that the addition of chrysoeriol did not affect the antitumor activity of DOX.

CONCLUSIONChrysoeriol could potentially serve as a novel cardioprotective agent against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity without affecting the antitumor activity of DOX.

Animals ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ; pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Doxorubicin ; pharmacology ; Flavones ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Heart ; drug effects ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism