Exercise lowers blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and helps prevent complications; therefore, it is highly effective for prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, many patients with diabetes do not meet the recommendations for the amount of exercise. In this study, we focus on the latest recommendations and discuss exercise therapies that are helpful for patients with diabetes.Current Concepts: Many studies have shown that exercise helps to improve blood glucose control, physical strength, and cardiorespiratory capacity in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes. Patients with diabetes are advised to perform both aerobic and resistance exercises. Aerobic exercise is suitable for most patients and can rapidly lower blood glucose levels. Resistance exercise improves muscle strength and endurance and is useful for long-term stabilization of blood glucose levels. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves insulin resistance and additionally controls blood glucose levels. Patients with diabetes are recommended moderate intensity exercise for at least 150 min/week, at least thrice a week, without interruption in exercise for >2 consecutive days.Discussion and Conclusion: Exercise is an essential recommended lifestyle intervention for patients with diabetes, and regular exercise is important. Furthermore, patients with diabetes should avoid low-energy activities and minimize sitting time.

Background: Denosumab is a potent antiresorptive drug leading to significant reduction in the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The effect of denosumab in super-elderly patients lacks data to date and few literature has proven the efficacy to this specific group. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of denosumab in the super-elderly. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 60 patients older than 80 with osteoporosis treated with denosumab. Patients were treated with denosumab every 6 months for 12 months 2017 to 2020. The primary endpoint was defined by the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of 3 measurement sites: the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. Changes in bone turnover markers, serum calcium, serum phosphate, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were also observed. Results: All 60 patients were female, and the mean age was 83.9±3.1, from age 80 to 94. After 12 months of denosumab treatment, significant increases in BMD were observed; 3.02±2.74% for the lumbar spine (P=0.000), 3.10±6.90% for the femoral neck (P=0.005), and 2.89±5.80% for the total hip (P=0.002) The bone turnover marker C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and osteocalcin significantly declined after 12 months of treatment (-34.8±45.9%; P=0.002 and –35.5±38.9%; P=0.004 respectively). Symptomatic hypocalcemia and serious adverse drug reactions that required drug discontinuation were not observed during treatment. Conclusions Denosumab is thought to be an anti-osteoporotic medication that is sufficiently effective and safe even for the super-elderly.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which originated from neuroendocrine tissue, can develop into paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes, such as Cushing syndrome, because of an inappropriate secretion of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This paraneoplastic syndrome is known to be a poor prognostic factor in SCLC. The reason for poor survival may be because of a higher risk of infection associated with hypercortisolemia. Therefore, early detection and appropriate treatment for this syndrome is necessary. But the diagnosis is challenging and the source of ACTH production can be difficult to identify. We report a 69-year-old male patient who had severe hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and hypertension as manifestations of an ACTH-secreting small cell carcinoma of the lung. He was treated with ketoconazole and spironolactone to control the ACTH dependent Cushing syndrome. He survived for 15 months after chemotherapy, which is unusual considering the poor outcome of the ectopic ATH syndrome associated with SCLC.
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone* ; Aged ; Alkalosis ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Cushing Syndrome ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypokalemia ; Ketoconazole ; Lung ; Male ; Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes ; Paraneoplastic Syndromes ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma* ; Spironolactone

Background: Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) has been reported to be associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Hypopituitarism in nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is often linked to increased cardiovascular mortality. We therefore hypothesized that postoperative NFPA patients with hormone deficiency have an elevated risk of HRV alterations indicating cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Methods: A total of 22 patients with NFPA were enrolled in the study. Between 3 and 6 months after surgery, a combined pituitary function test (CPFT) was performed, and HRV was measured. The period of sleep before the CPFT was deemed the most stable period, and the hypoglycemic period that occurred during the CPFT was defined as the most unstable period. Changes in HRV parameters in stable and unstable periods were observed and compared depending on the status of hormone deficiencies. Results: In patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency with other pituitary hormone deficiencies, the low frequency to high frequency ratio, which represents overall autonomic function and is increased in the disease state, was higher (P=0.005). Additionally, the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal interval, which decreases in the autonomic dysfunction state, was lower (P=0.030) during the hypoglycemic period. In panhypopituitarism, the low frequency to high frequency ratio during the hypoglycemic period was increased (P=0.007). Conclusion HRV analysis during CPFT enables estimation of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with NFPA who develop ACTH deficiency with other pituitary hormone deficiencies or panhypopituitarism after surgery. These patients may require a preemptive assessment of cardiovascular risk.

Background: The effects of elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on physiological changes in the bone remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the association between FSH concentrations and bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTM) in late postmenopausal women. Methods: A total of 169 Korean women were enrolled. The participants’ ages ranged from 60 to 84 years (mean age, 69.0±5.1) and reported a mean duration of 19.4±6.6 years since menopause (YSM). The participants showed an average body mass index (BMI) of 24.4±2.8 kg/m2. Age, YSM, estradiol, testosterone, and BMI were confounders in the Pearson's partial correlation. A test for trends across the quartiles of FSH levels was performed for each variable. Results: The mean FSH and estradiol concentrations were 61.5 IU/L and 2.9 pg/mL, respectively. Serum FSH concentration was not significantly associated with BMD (lumbar, r=0.09, P=0.30; total hip, r=0.00, P=0.96; and femoral neck, r=0.05, P=0.62). BTM across the FSH quartiles did not show any trend association (bone-specific alkaline phosphate, P=0.31; crosslinked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, P=0.90). Instead, FSH levels were negatively correlated with BMI (r=-0.34, P=0.00). In the multivariate regression model adjusted for age, testosterone, and estradiol, only BMI showed a negative value across the FSH quartiles (β coefficient -0.11, P=0.00). Conclusions This study identified that high FSH concentrations were not associated with bone loss or high bone turnover in women in the late postmenopausal period.

Background/Aims: Despite the prominence of denosumab as the number one prescribed anti-osteoporosis drug in Korea, the effects of denosumab in male osteoporosis patients were not researched sufficiently. Moreover, concerns on rebound vertebral fractures associated with poor denosumab adherence exist. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 147 Korean male osteoporosis patients treated with denosumab. After 12 months of treatment, 60 patients were lost during follow-up, and eight were excluded due to missing data. Out of the initial 147 patients, 79 were considered eligible for the analysis of the efficacy of denosumab. 54 patients were initially drug-naïve, and 25 had previously received bisphosphonate therapy. Results: In 54 drug-naïve patients, significant increases in bone mineral density (BMD) were observed in all measurement sites: 5.2% ± 3.7% in the lumbar spine, 2.3% ± 2.8% in the femoral neck, and 1.9% ± 2.8% in the total hip (p < 0.01, respectively). Trabecular bone score showed an increase of 0.5% ± 5.8% in drug-naïve patients. Likewise, in 25 patients with previous bisphosphonate treatment, increase in BMD were observed as well: 4.8% ± 3.5% in the lumbar spine, 1.4% ± 3.6% in the femoral neck, and 0.8% ± 2.1% in the total hip (p < 0.01, p = 0.06, p = 0.06, respectively). Significant declines of –55.1% ± 31.8% in C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), and –62.9% ± 21.3% in total procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), in drug-naïve patients; and –37.7% ± 41.5%, in CTX and –55.4% ± 30.1%, in P1NP in patients with previous bisphosphonate treatment were exhibited after 12 months of treatment. The adherence rates of the second and third dosing schedules were 79.9% and 56.8%, respectively. Conclusions Our study indicates that denosumab is effective in increasing BMD in Korean osteoporosis males regardless of prior bisphosphonate treatment.