Given the long history, the field of electroceutical and bioelectric therapy has grown impressively, recognized as the main modality of mental health treatments along with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Electroceutical and bioelectric therapy comprises electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), and other brain stimulation techniques. Much empirical research has been published regarding the application guidelines, mechanism of action, and efficacy of respective brain stimulation techniques, but no comparative study that delineates the advantages and limitations of each therapy exists for a comprehensive understanding of each technique. This review provides a comparison of existing electroceutical and bioelectric techniques, primarily focusing on the therapeutic advantages and limitations of each therapy in the current electroceutical and bioelectric field.

Brain electrical stimulation, particularly non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have emerged as a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. tES techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), are cost-effective and safe interventions that are designed to affect neuronal circuits in the brain using various modalities. Although tES has shown effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, there is a lack of comprehensive papers that consider its clinical implications. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the clinical implications of tES and provide practical guidance for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, this review provides an overview of tES techniques and their mechanisms of action and summarizes recent clinical studies that have examined the use of tES for psychiatric disorders.

Brain electrical stimulation, particularly non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have emerged as a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. tES techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), are cost-effective and safe interventions that are designed to affect neuronal circuits in the brain using various modalities. Although tES has shown effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, there is a lack of comprehensive papers that consider its clinical implications. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the clinical implications of tES and provide practical guidance for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, this review provides an overview of tES techniques and their mechanisms of action and summarizes recent clinical studies that have examined the use of tES for psychiatric disorders.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved as an adjunctive treatment for epilepsy and depression. As the progress of VNS treatment for these neuropsychiatric disorders continues, its applications have expanded to a wide range of conditions, including inflammatory diseases to cognitive dysfunctions. The branches of the vagal nerves directly or indirectly innervate the anatomical structures implicated in these neuropsychiatric conditions, which has led to promising results regarding the effectiveness of VNS. Previous studies investigating the effectiveness of VNS have mostly utilized invasive forms of stimulation. However, current preclinical and clinical research indicates that non-invasive forms of VNS, such as transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, hold the promise for treating various neuropsychiatric conditions.This review aims to delve into relevant clinical studies of VNS in various illness states, different methods of VNS, and the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects in these neuropsychiatric conditions.

Brain electrical stimulation, particularly non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have emerged as a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. tES techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), are cost-effective and safe interventions that are designed to affect neuronal circuits in the brain using various modalities. Although tES has shown effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, there is a lack of comprehensive papers that consider its clinical implications. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the clinical implications of tES and provide practical guidance for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, this review provides an overview of tES techniques and their mechanisms of action and summarizes recent clinical studies that have examined the use of tES for psychiatric disorders.

Brain electrical stimulation, particularly non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have emerged as a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. tES techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), are cost-effective and safe interventions that are designed to affect neuronal circuits in the brain using various modalities. Although tES has shown effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, there is a lack of comprehensive papers that consider its clinical implications. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the clinical implications of tES and provide practical guidance for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, this review provides an overview of tES techniques and their mechanisms of action and summarizes recent clinical studies that have examined the use of tES for psychiatric disorders.

Purpose: We examined corneal thickness, particularly morphological changes in the limbus, as the intraocular pressure increased in patients with congenital glaucoma. Methods: We retrospectively studied 31 children (47 eyes) with congenital glaucoma and 12 controls (12 eyes). We used anterior segment tomography to measure corneal thicknesses at the center, the midpoint of the 2-5 mm pericentral zone, the corneo-limbal junction, and the scleral spurs on the nasal and temporal sides. The peripheral central corneal thickness ratios were calculated and analyzed using a generalized estimation equation. Results: The cornea was significantly thinner in the glaucoma than in the control group. The difference was more prominent in the periphery than the center. Associated with such peripheral thinning, the corneal thickness ratios at the corneal-limbal junction and the center differed significantly between the two groups. Conclusions In congenital glaucoma patients, the cornea is generally thinner than that of the controls, particularly at the corneo-limbal junction, suggesting that the limbus is biomechanically susceptible to deformation by intraocular pressure.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between childhood physical abuse and suicidal ideation considering the effects of genetic and environmental factors in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by focusing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism and social support, respectively. Methods: One-hundred fourteen patients with PTSD and 94 healthy controls (HCs) were genotyped with respect to BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. All participants underwent psychological assessments. The hierarchical regression analysis and the simple slope analysis were conducted. Results: As for patients with PTSD, the moderation effect of BDNF polymorphism was significant but not for social support. Specifically, the BDNF Val/Val genotype worked as a risk factor and strengthens the relationship between childhood physical abuse and suicidal ideation. As for the HCs, the significant moderation effect was found only in social support, but not for BDNF polymorphism. The relationship between childhood physical abuse and suicidal ideation was weakened for the HCs with high social support. Conclusion This study demonstrated a significant BDNF genetic vulnerability for suicide in patients with PTSD who experienced childhood physical abuse. Our results suggested that social support provided a mitigating effect on the relationship between childhood physical abuse and suicidal ideation only in the HCs.

Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by increased inflammatory processing and altered brain volume. In this study, we investigated the relationship between inflammatory markers and brain volume in patients with PTSD. Methods: Forty-five patients with PTSD, and 70 healthy controls (HC) completed clinical assessments and self-reported psychopathology scales. Factors associated with inflammatory responses including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and four inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, cortisol, Interleukin-6, and homocysteine) and T1-magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were measured. Results: In the PTSD group, cortisol level was significantly lower (t = 2.438, p = 0.046) than that of the HC. Cortisol level was significantly negatively correlated with the left thalamus proper (r = −0.369, p = 0.035), right thalamus proper (r = −0.394, p = 0.014), right frontal pole (r = −0.348, p = 0.039), left occipital pole (r = −0.338, p = 0.044), and right superior occipital gyrus (r = −0.397, p = 0.008) in patients with PTSD. However, these significant correlations were not observed in HC. Conclusion Our results indicate that increased cortisol level, even though its average level was lower than that of HC, is associated with smaller volumes of the thalamus, right frontal pole, left occipital pole, and right superior occipital gyrus in patients with PTSD. Cortisol, a major stress hormone, might be a reliable biomarker to brain volumes and pathophysiological pathways in patients with PTSD.

Objective: The prolonged coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to cause psychological distress in people. This systematic review aimed to identify the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR)-based psychological intervention among individuals with psychological distress during the COVID-19 crisis. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published until July 2022. Methods: The available citations were deduplicated and screened by two authors using the title and abstract information. Eligibility criteria were constructed according to the PICOT guidelines. Empirical studies of all designs and comparator groups were included if they appraised the impact of an immersive VR intervention on any standardized measure indicative of psychological distress (stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic symptoms) or improvements in quality of life in participants, including COVID-19 patients, medical staff working with COVID-19 patients, and people who had experienced strict social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The results were discussed using a narrative synthesis because of the heterogeneity between studies. Seven of the studies met the inclusion criteria. There were two randomized controlled trials and five uncontrolled studies on VR interventions. Conclusion All studies reported significant improvement in a wide range of psychological distress during COVID-19, ranging from stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic symptoms to quality of life, supporting the efficacy of VR-based psychological intervention. Our results suggest that VR intervention has potential to ameliorate COVID-19-related psychological distress with efficacy and safety.