PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test and validate a model to predict contraception behavior in unmarried men and women. METHODS: Data were collected from a questionnaire survey of 180 unmarried men and 186 unmarried women 20 years of age or over who had sexual relationships in the past 6 months. Participants were from Seoul, Kyunggi, Daegu, and Busan and data collection was done from February 19 to April 16, 2013. RESULTS: Model fit indices for the hypotheoretical model fitted to the recommended levels. Out of 15 paths, 11 were statistically significant in both. Predictors of contraception behavior in unmarried men and women were intention to use contraception and self-efficacy for contraception. Exposure to sexual content was directly significant to the intention in men only. Self-efficacy for contraception was affected by perceived threat of pregnancy and gender role attitude. In women, the two predictors were also significant except for the effect of exposure to sexual contents. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that an intervention program which increases self-efficacy in unmarried men and women contributes to effective contraception behavior. In addition, proper sexual education programs using positive aspect of mass media can help develop active participation for contraception behavior.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Contraception Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Theoretical ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Self Efficacy ; Single Person/*psychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the social distance between minority groups and nursing cadets. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used. A questionnaire was distributed to the entire Armed Forces Nursing Academy cadets. Data from 273 nursing cadets were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Social distance had positive correlations with collective identity (r=.28) and multiculturalism (r=.37). A negative correlation was found between social distance and perceived threat (r=-.38). Perceived threat, multiculturalism, collective identity, and frequency of contact with minorities were identified as factors affecting the social distance. The model explained 24% of the variables. CONCLUSION: To effectively respond to the minority groups' nursing needs in the army, educational programs which help to reduce the perceived threat, to strengthen multiculturalism, and to establish a healthy collective identity of nursing cadets need to be developed.
Arm ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cultural Diversity ; Minority Groups* ; Nursing* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Social Distance*

PURPOSE: To identify a possible relation between erectile capacity and serum testosterone concentrations in men with normal testicles and erectile dysfunction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 206 patients with erectile dysfunction who had no anatomic defect in their sex organs and no vascular risk factors or history of operation or trauma. The protocol included assay of serum testosterone in the morning and duplex ultrasonography after pharmacologic induction of erection using prostaglandin E1. The subjects were assigned to three groups according to their serum testosterone concentration: low (<300 ng/dL), normal (300-700 ng/dL), and high (>700 ng/dL). Some clinical factors, the result of duplex flow study, and pharmacologic erection test findings were compared. RESULTS: The residual spontaneous erectile rigidity of the three groups was 43.5% in the low, 46.5% in the normal, and 37.6% in the high group (p>0.05). The mean penile rigidities after injection of PGE1 in the low, normal, and high testosterone groups were 73.8%, 78.1%, and 81.9%, respectively (p>0.05). The differences in peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistance index (RI), which are indicators of penile hemodynamics, did not reach statistical significance between these groups. However, the average age of the low-testosterone group was significantly greater than the averages of the other two groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant relation between serum testosterone concentration and erectile capacity in patients with erectile dysfunction who had normal testicles. Our data imply a serum testosterone threshold for penile erection which is much lower than the normal laboratory range.
Alprostadil ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Penile Erection ; Risk Factors ; Testis ; Testosterone* ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify differences in contraception behavior and related factors between unmarried female and male. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design with a convenient sampling was used. From Seoul, 107 women and 96 men were recruited. A structured questionnaire was self-administered from July 14, 2008 to September 2, 2008. RESULTS: The average ages of women and men were 26.9 and 27.8 years old, respectively. Fifty-six percent of women and 85.4% of men have experienced sexual intercourse. There were no differences between female and male in attitude toward contraception, subjective norm, and contraception behavior, while female had higher score of self-efficacy for contraception (p=.02) and intention of contraception (p=.02). There was positive correlation with subjective norm (r=.22, p<.05), self-efficacy (r=.53, p<.01) in male and attitude (r=.32, p<.05), self-efficacy (r=49, p<.01) in female. According to the result of multiple regression, the significant factor of contraception behavior was self-efficacy for both female (beta=.49, p=.00) and male (beta=.53, p=.00). CONCLUSION: To improve contraception behavior for unmarried female and male, it is necessary to develop proper sex education program to enhance self-efficacy for contraception. Adjusted education program by this result will contribute to increase sexual health for female and male.
Coitus ; Contraception ; Contraception Behavior ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproductive Health ; Self Efficacy ; Sex Education ; Single Person

From 1989 to 1996, push back palatoplasty, 2-flap palatoplasty and Furlow's palatoplasty were the main procedures of cleft palate repair in our institute. To compare the maxillary growth state of patients in each palatoplasty group, evaluation of dental occlusion and cephalometric analysis were performed in total 50 patients. The results were as follows: 1. Normal control group was composed of 17 children who didn't have cleft lip or cleft palate. Mean values of cephalometric data in the normal control group were 6.19 cm in SN length, 1.17cm in ONA length, 7.29cm in effective maxillary length 53.88degree in SNO angle, and 82.41 degree in SNA angle. 2. Fourteen patients who underwent push-back palatoplasty showed anterior crossbite in all cases. SNO angle and SNA angle were significantly decreased compared to the normal control group, which indicated significant impairment of maxillary growth. 3. In seventeen patients who underwent 2-flap palatoplasty, 7 patients showed anterior crossbite. Cephalometric parameters showed no significant difference compared to the normal control group. 4. Nineteen patients underwent Furlow's palatoplasty. In this group, 3 patients had anterior crossbite. Cephalometric parameters showed no significant difference compared to the normal control group. Although this report was based on data acquired from patients before the age of complete maxillary growth, our results suggested that each palatoplasty would have a different influence on maxillary growth.
Child ; Cleft Lip ; Cleft Palate ; Dental Occlusion ; Facial Bones* ; Humans ; Malocclusion

A 26-year old woman had tender erythematous grouped papules and plaque(10 cm in diameter) with underlying deep seated rodules on the right shoulder for 2 years. A biopsy specimen showed vascular tufts composed of endothelial cells in the mid and lower dermis, which was diagnostic of acquired tufted angioma. After 4-months of cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, most of the lesions had disappeared as well as her subjective symptom.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Cryotherapy* ; Dermis ; Endothelial Cells ; Female ; Hemangioma* ; Humans ; Nitrogen ; Shoulder

The Di(a+b-) phenotype is extremely rare among Caucaclans and mostly confined to mongoloids. The incidences of Di antigen among Koreans were reported to be 6.1 to 14.5%, with an average of 9.6%; it can be calculated that the frequency of Di(a+b-) is 0.25% on the average. Authors report the first case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Dib in Korea. The Diego phenotypes of the mother, baby and father were Di(a+b-), Di(a+b+) and Di (a-b+), respectively. The mother's serum and eluate from infant's erythrocytes contained anti-DP antibody active in the antiglobulin phase. After transfusions of Di-negative red cells from the mother and mother's relative, the patient was recovered from anemia and jaundice.
Anemia ; Erythrocytes ; Fathers ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn* ; Jaundice ; Korea ; Mothers ; Phenotype

Primary gallbladder carcinoma is relatively uncommon, but not a very rare disease. It accounts for 3- 4% of all gastrointestinal tract tumors, and is the most common malignant disease of the biliary tract. It occurs more frequently in women than in men at a ratio of 3:1. The etiology of gallbladder carcinoma is unknown, but the association of gallstones with it is well known. The diagnosis often is not made before laparotomy because its symptoms and signs are very nonspecific and are similar to those of cholecystitis. Commonly, it is encountered in the later stages and has very unfavorable courses. Recently, the operative treatments of gallbladder carcinoma have advanced significantly, and many studies revealed that more aggressive surgery gives rise to better prognosis in comparison with previous surgical treatment modalities. We reviewed 60 cases of this disease experienced in our hospital from October, 1988 to February, 1998. We evaluated whether the aggressive surgical treatment and the adjuvant therpy of gallbladder cancer had influence on prognosis. And additionally, we examined the clinical situations of primary gallbladder carcinoma. Only 33 patients of 60 were followed up until a recent date, and so all survival data were calculated within 33 cases. The results are as follows : 1) The incidence of gallbladder carcinoma in females outnumbered in males at a ratio of 1.2:1, and sixty per cent of all patients were 7th and 8th decades of age. 2) Almost all patients had varying degrees of upper abdominal pain, and the duration of symptoms was less than 4 weeks in half of the patients. 3) Forty-five per cent of all patients had gallstones. 4) Preoperative diagnoses were made in 28 cases(46.7%). 5) At the time of diagnosis, many patients(about 70%) were on the TNM stage III and IV. 6) The curative resectability rate of the cancer was merely 53.3%(32/60), and in the remainder of patients(n=28), palliative surgery and only laparotomy were carried out. The operative methods performed on purpose of a curative resection of the cancer were simple cholecystectomy in 14 patients(23.3%), cholecystectomy plus liver wedge resection plus LN dissection(radical cholecystectomy) in 15 patients(25%), radical cholecystectomy plus Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in 1(1.7%), and radical cholecystectomy plus right hepatic lobectomy in 2(3.3%). 7) The cumulative 5-year-survival rates of gallbladder carcinoma were 80% in stage I, 75% in stage II, 33% in stage III, and 0% in stage IV(p=0.002). In advanced cases(that is, in stage III and IV), the survival data was analized according to the operation methods. The mean survival times were 25.9 months in curative operation group and 3.3 months in palliative operation or explo-laparotomy group(p=0.003). 8) In a small number of patients of stage III and IV, chemotherapy and radiation therapy were carried out. But we could not find the statistical significances on the differences of survival rates.
Abdominal Pain ; Biliary Tract ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystitis ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Gallbladder Neoplasms* ; Gallbladder* ; Gallstones ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laparotomy ; Liver ; Male ; Palliative Care ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Survival Rate

To observe the antihypertensive effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, a daily average dosage of 20mg was administred to 38 patients with essential hypertension for 4 weeks. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate, and the frequencies of adverse reactions during the drug administration were constantly observed. At the end of the 4th week of administration the mean diastolic blood pressure decreased from 104+/-11.3 to 91+/-7.9mmHg(<0.001), and the mean systolic blood pressure from 165+/-16.8 to 142+/-10.6mmHg(P<0.001), An effective antihypertensive action of enalapril was observed in 31 out of 38 cases(82%), and normalization of diastolic blood pressure below 85mmHg was shown in 27 cases(71%). The most remarkable antihypertensive effects were shown at the end of first week, and the effect increased progressively until the end of 4th week of therapy. There were no significant changes in heart rate during the observation period. Adverse reactions occured in only 7 cases(18%). These reactions included headache, dizziness, fatigue, skin rash and facial flushing in the order of frequency. Almost all of these reaction were mild and transient, disappearing spontanously without discontinuation of the medication. In conclusion, enalapril seems to be a safe and effective primary antihypertensive drug for the treatment of essential hypertension.
Blood Pressure ; Dizziness ; Enalapril* ; Exanthema ; Fatigue ; Flushing ; Headache ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension

OBJECTIVES: MDM-2 is an oncoprotein that inhibits p53 tumor suppressor protein. Amplication and over- expression of its protein have been observed in human malignancies, and these abnormalities have a role in tumorigenesis through inactivation of p53 function. To elucidate the role of p53 and MDM-2 protein in cervical neoplasia we investigated the expression rates of MDM-2 and p53 protein in surgically resected specimens. METHEDS: Immunohistochemical studies using anti-p53 and anti-MDM-2 protein in the paraffin embedded section of 62 cases including cervical intraepithelial neoplasm(CIN) and invasive cervical cancer were performed. RESULTS: Expression rates of p53 protein were 25% in CIN I& CINII, 20% in CINIII, and 44% in invasive carcinoma, respectively. The MDM-2 protein were 33% in CIN I & CIN II, 16% in CIN III, and 48% in invasive carcinoma, respectively. There was no evident correlation between p53 positivity and MDM-2 positivity(p>0.05). However, correlation between MDM-2 negativity and p53 negativity was statistically significant(p=0.002) CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the expression of p53 protein is presumed to be necessarily correlated with MDM-2 protein expression in cervical neoplasia.
Carcinogenesis ; Humans ; Paraffin ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2* ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms