PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects of a multicultural course on nursing students' multicultural acceptability and competency. METHODS: The research design for this study was a non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized pre- and post-test. The experimental group (n=28) took 13 weeks of the multicultural course, while the control group (n=28) received only regular classes over the same period. Pre- and post-tests were done to identify the effects of the program. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using the PASW 18.0 program. RESULTS: All indices of multicultural acceptability and competency in the experimental group were significantly higher than that of control group after the program, except for two: universality (a measure of multicultural acceptability) and multicultural awareness (a measure of multicultural competency). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the multicultural course was effective in elevating the level of multicultural acceptability and competency among nursing students.
Cultural Competency ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Research Design ; Students, Nursing*

Formaldehyde is a colorless irritating gas of pungent odor, which is used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, deodorant, tissue fixative and embalming fluid, It is used in the formation of resins, alcohols and acids, and in permanent press processes in the textile industry. If formaldehyde is swallowed, severe abdominal pain and vomiting is immediately noted. Corrosive gastritis can follow with diffuse ulceration, fibrosis and contracture of the stomach, resembling linitis plastica, which may be severe enough to require gastrectomy. We report a case of cicatricial contracted stomach due to the ingestion of formalin.
Abdominal Pain ; Alcohols ; Contracture ; Deodorants ; Eating* ; Embalming ; Fibrosis ; Formaldehyde* ; Gastrectomy ; Gastritis ; Linitis Plastica ; Odors ; Stomach* ; Textile Industry ; Ulcer ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prognosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma is extremely poor because of its large size, portal vein thrpombosis, extrahepatic metastasis and underlying liver cirrhosis. The aim, of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound screening test for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in high-ridk populations. METHODS: We analysed 119 patients who were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma by ultrasonography screening test in Yonsei University Severance Hospital from the period of January 1990 to December 1996. RESULT: The mean follow-up duration to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was 30 months (range 3-75). The number of patients with single lesion was 89(75%). The mean diameter of the tumor was 3.0 cm (range 1-10) , 82 patients (70%) had masses measured less than 3cm in diameter. The Number of patients with elevated serum alphafetoprotein level above 400ng/ml was 29(25%). The median survival was 28 months in screening group, significant compared with 7 months in control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound follow-up in high-ridk group of hepatocellular carcinoma mede it possible to detect small tumors in a high percentage of cases. This may lead to an increase in the number of potentially curable tumors and hence an increase in the overall survival rate. So ultrasound screening test is important in the high-ridk group of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Mass Screening* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Portal Vein ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Ultrasonography*

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to investigate of newborn babies sex ratio in Seoul Seong Ae hospital and review of future problem. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the 21,332 cases of deliveries in women visiting at Seoul Seong Ae hospital from Jannuary 1994 to December 2003 (10 year's period). We investigated 1st baby and 2nd baby sex ratio and in case of 3rd baby, subdividing then into tree groups (first and second are female, first and second are male, first and second are male and female). We arranged the data at the base of childbirth registers and patients' obligation records. RESULTS: The results were as follows, 1. The total sex ratio in last 10 years was 111.2:100 (male:female). 2. 1st baby sex ratio was 109.2:100. 3. 2nd baby sex ratio was 110.6:100. 4. 3rd baby sex ratio was 133:100. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that unbalance of sex ratio in 3rd baby is extremely serious trend in this country and is expected a tremendous social problems in early 21th century.
Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Male ; Parturition ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul* ; Sex Ratio* ; Social Problems

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are 1) to determine if GAST is a better indicator in predicting ovarian response to COH compared with patient's age or basal FSH level and 2) to evaluate its role in detecting abnormal ovarian response. DESIGN : Prospective study in 118 patients undergoing IVF-ET using GnRH-a short protocol during May-September 1995. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After blood sampling for basal FSH and estradiol (E2) on cycle day two, 0.5 ml (0.525 mg) GnRH agonist (Suprefact, Hoechst) was injected subcutaneously. Serum E2 was measured 24 hours later. Initial E2 difference (deltaE2) was defined as the change in E2 on day 3 over the baseline day 2 value. Sixteen patients with ovarian cyst or single ovary or incorrect blood collection time were excluded from the analysis. The patients were divided into three groups by deltaE2; group A (n=30):deltaE2<40 pg/ml, group B (n=52): 40 pg/ml< or =deltaE2<100 pg/ml, group C (n=20): deltaE2< or =100 pg/ml. COH was done by GnRH agonist/HMG/hCG and IVF-EF was followed. Ratio of E2 on day of hCG injection over the number of ampules of gonadotropins used (E2hCGday/Amp) was regarded as ovarian responsiveness. Poor ovarian response and overstimulation were defined as E2 hCGday less than 600 pg/ml and greater than 5000 pg/ml, respectively. RESULTS: Mean age (+/-SEM) in group A, B and C were 33.7+/-0.8*, 31.5 +/-0.6 and 30.6+/-0.5*, respectively (*: p<0.05). Mean basal FSH level of group A (11.1+/-1.1 mIU/ml) was significantly higher than those of B (7.4+/- 0.2 mIU/ml) and C (6.8+/-0.4 mIU/ml) 0<0.001). Mean E2hCGday of group A was significantly lower than those of group B or C, i.e., 1402.1+/-187.7 pg/ml, 3153.2+/- 240.0 pg/ml, 4078.8+/-306.4 pg/ml respectively (p<0.0001). The number of ampules of gonadotropins used in group A was significantly greater than those in group B or C: 38.6+/-2.3, 24.2+/-1.1 and 18.5+/-1.0 (p<0.0001). The number of oocytes retrieved in group A was significantly smaller than those in group B or C: 6.4+/-1.1, 15.5+/-1.1 and 18.6+/-1.6, respectively (p<0.0001). By stepwise multiple regression, only deltaE2 showed a significant correlation (r=0.68, p<0.0001) with E2HCGday/Amp, while age or basal FSH level were not significant. Likewise, only deltaE2 correlated significantly with the number of oocytes retrieved (r=0.57, p<0.001). All four patients whose COH was canceled due to poor ovarian response belonged to group A only (Fisher's exact test, p<0.01). Whereas none of 30 patients in group A (0%) had overstimulation, 14 patients among 72 patients (19.4%) in group B and C had overstimulation (Fisher's exact test, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that initial E2 difference after GAST may be a better prognostic indicator of ovarian response to COH than age or basal FSH level. Since initial E2 difference demonstrates significant association with abnormal ovarian response such as poor ovarian response necessitating cycle cancellation or overstimulation, GAST may be helpful in monitoring and consultation of patients during COH in IVF-ET cycle.
Estradiol ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone* ; Gonadotropins ; Humans ; Oocytes ; Ovarian Cysts ; Ovary ; Ovulation Induction* ; Prospective Studies

No abstract available.
Foramen Magnum* ; Vertebral Artery*

No abstract available.
Pneumoconiosis* ; Welding*

Subclavian steal syndrome is understood to be an occlusion or stenosis of the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery with a retrograde flow of blood through the ipsilateral vertebral artery. It is characterized most prominently and most consistently by unequal blood pressures of both arms. In this case, we found incidentally unequal arm pressures during emergence. After the surgery, the 95% stenosis of left anterior descending coronary artery and total occlusion of subclavian artery was proved angiographically. This patient had the risk factors of atherosclerosis such as male, DM, hypertension, smoking and hyperlipidemia. In conclusion, pressures should be taken from both arms during initial visit, when the patient has the risk factors of atherosclerosis.
Arm* ; Atherosclerosis ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Vessels ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Subclavian Artery ; Subclavian Steal Syndrome* ; Vertebral Artery

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become an important monitoring device for patients undergoing cardiac or noncardiac surgery. Complications associated with TEE are unusual, but the potential for TEE probe compression of the posterior vascular structures has been reported in baby patients. We present here a case of compression of the left subclavian artery in an infant with a right-sided aortic arch after insertion of a TEE probe.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Humans ; Infant ; Subclavian Artery

The objectives of this study were to assign reasonability to importance of weight selection issue in key performance indicator for performance evaluation of Centers for Child-care Foodservice Management (CCFSM) developed by using Balanced Scorecard (BSC), to draw key performance indicator (KPI) by perspective and to analyze differences in recognition on importance. From September 25 to October 9, 2012, we conducted a questionnaire-based study via e-mail, targeting chiefs and team leaders of nationwide 21 CCFSMs (43 persons), officials of local governments where CCFSM was established (21 persons), officials of Korea Food and Drug Administration (2 persons) and foodservice management experts (27 persons) in order to estimate the relative importance on 4 perspectives and 14 KPIs and analyzed its results by using 61 collected data. The results showed that relative importance of perspectives was estimated in order of importance as follows: business performance (0.3519), customer (0.3393), resource (0.1557), learning and growth (0.1531). Relative importance of KPIs was in order of importance as follows: Evaluation of sanitary management level in childcare foodservice facilities (0.1327), Level of customer recognition and behavior improvement (0.1153), performances of round visiting inspection on foodservice, sanitary, safety management, and foodservice consulting (0.0913). Our results showed that the recognition differences exist on the relative importance of perspectives and KPIs between officials of CCFSM, KFDA, local government and foodservice management experts. These observations will form the basis for developing evaluation systems, and it is considered that performance indicators developed on this basis will suggest direction of operation which CCFSM will have to perform.
Commerce ; Electronic Mail ; Korea ; Learning ; Local Government ; Safety Management ; United States Food and Drug Administration