PURPOSE: Bone marrow has long been a source of primary cells. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of age and sex on the cellular viability and expression of stem cell markers of mRNA and on the protein expression of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) derived from healthy donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stem cells were isolated from human bone marrow and plated in culture plates. The shape of the BMSCs was observed under inverted microscope. Quantitative cellular viability was evaluated using a Cell-Counting Kit-8 assay. The expression of stem cell surface markers was tested and a series of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression in each group. RESULT: The shapes of the cells at 20s, 30s, and 50s were similar to each other. No significant changes in cellular viability were noted among different age groups or sex groups. The BMSCs expressed CD44, CD73, and CD90 surface markers but did not express CD14 and CD34. There were no noticeable differences in CD surface markers among the different age groups. The expressions of CD surface markers were similar between men and women. No significant differences in the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) were noted at Day 3 between different age groups. qRT-PCR regarding the expression showed differences between the age groups. However, Western blot analysis showed a decrease in expression but did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study clearly showed no significant differences in shape, cell viability, expression of stem cell surface markers, or secretion of human VEGF among different age groups. However, western blot analysis showed a tendency of age-related decrease which did not reach statistical significance. Collectively, autologous or allogeneic BMSCs should be meticulously applied to obtain optimal results regarding age and sex.
Age Factors ; Blotting, Western ; Bone Marrow ; Cell Shape ; Cell Survival ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Stem Cells ; Tissue Donors ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

A sensitive and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of ticagrelor and its active metabolite, AR-C124910XX from 50 µL human plasma using tolbutamide as an internal standard as per regulatory guidelines. Analytes in plasma were extracted by simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile, followed by chromatographic separation with an Acclaim™ RSLC 120 C₁₈ column (2.2 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm) and a gradient acetonitrile-water mobile phase containing 0.1% formic acid within 8 min. Mass spectrometric detection and quantitation were conducted by selected reaction-monitoring on a negative electrospray ionization mode with the following transitions: m/z 521.11 → 361.10, 477.03 → 361.10, and 269.00 → 169.60 for ticagrelor, AR-C124910XX, and tolbutamide, respectively. The lower limit of quantifications was 0.2 ng/mL with linear ranges of 0.2–2,500 ng/mL (r² ≥ 0.9949) for both analytes. All validation data, including selectivity, cross-talk, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery, dilution integrity, stability, and incurred sample reanalysis, were well within acceptable limits. This assay method was validated using K₂-EDTA as the specific anticoagulant. Also, the anticoagulant effect was tested by lithium heparin, sodium heparin, and K₃-EDTA. No relevant anticoagulant effect was observed. This validated method was effectively used in the determination of ticagrelor and its active metabolite, AR-C124910XX, in plasma samples from patients with myocardial infarction.
Heparin ; Humans ; Lithium ; Mass Spectrometry ; Methods ; Myocardial Infarction ; Pharmacokinetics ; Plasma ; Tolbutamide

PURPOSE: Since the laparoscopic cholecystectomy became an usual procedure, operative indications of the gallbladder polyps have had the tendency to enlarge. There are no precise management plan about the gallbladder polyps which is not included in the accepted operative indications. Therefore a management plan may be required for the patients who has gallbladder polyps which is not accepted operative indications. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 106 patients with gallbladder polyps who were diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound and CT from January 1991 to January 2005. Our operation indications are polyp above 10 mm, symptomatic polyp, sessile polyp, coincidence of stone, focal thickening of gallbladder wall, diffuse wall thickening and detection during other operations. The gallbladder polyps which were suspected to the gallbladder cancer strongly on radiologic studies and polyps above 20 mm size were excluded in this studies. RESULTS: Among the 106 patients, 87 patients underwent operation, and polypoid lesions disappeared during the follow-up period in 3 patients, and 16 patients are on regular follow up. Fifty-six cases received operation with accepted operative indications, and the thirty-one cases underwent operation by the patient's demand. Two groups showed significant difference in true polyp on pathological diagnosis (P < 0.001). There was 16.07% true polyp in opertive indication based 56 patients and no true polyp in patient's demanded 31 cases. The pathologic diagnoses were cholesterol polyp in 27 patients (87.15%), no polyp in 2 patients, adenomatous hyperplasia in 2 patients. The correlation of the polyp size and pathologic diagnosis was an inverse relation to the polyp size and incidence of pseudopolyp (P=0.014). CONCLUSION: We propose that the 6-month-interval follow-up observation is fully safe for polyps sized below 10 mm and not included in accepted operative indications.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Cholesterol ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; Gallbladder* ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Incidence ; Polyps ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Ultrasonography

New techniques for regenerating the destructed periodontal tissue have been studied for many years. Current acceptable methods of promoting periodontal regeneration are basis of removal of diseased soft tissue, root treatment, guided tissue regeneration, graft materials, and biological mediators. Platelet Rich Plasma has been reported as a biological mediator which regulates activities of wound healing progress including cell proliferation, migration, and metabolism. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of using the Platelet Rich Plasma as a regeneration promoting agent for furcation involvement defect. Five adult beagle dogs were used in this experiment. The dogs were anesthetized with Ketamin HCl(0.1 ml/kg, IV)and Xylazine hydrochloride(Rompun(R), Bayer, 0.1 ml/kg, IM) and conventional periodontal prophylaxis were performed with ultrasonic scaler and hand instruments. With intrasulcular and crestal incision, mucoperiosteal flap was elevated. Following decortication with 1/2 high speed round bur, degree II furcation defect was made on mandibular third(P3), forth(P4) and fifth(P5) premolar, and stopping was inserted. After 4 weeks, stopping was removed, and bone graft was performed. Ca-P was grafted in P3(experimental group I), Combination of Ca-P and plasma rich platelet were grafted in P4(experimental group II), and P5 was remained at control group.Systemic antibiotics(gentamicin sulfate)and anlgesics(phenyl butazone) were administrated intramuscular for 2 weeks after surgery. Irrigation with 0.1% Chlorhexidine Gluconate around operate sites was performed during the whole experimental period except one day immediate after surgery. Soft diets were fed through the whole experiment period. After 4, 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed by perfusion technique. Tissue block was excised including the tooth and prepared for light microscope with Gomori's trichrome staining. At 4 weeks after surgery, there were rapid osteogenesis phenomenon on the defected area of the Platelet Rich Plasma plus Ca-P BBP group and early trabeculation pattern was made with new osteoid tissue produced by activated osteoblast. Bone formation was almost completed to the fornix of furcation by 8 weeks after surgery. In conclusion, Platelet Rich Plasma can promote rapid osteogenesis during healing of periodontalregeneration.
Adult ; Animals ; Bicuspid ; Blood Platelets* ; Cell Proliferation ; Chlorhexidine ; Diet ; Dogs* ; Furcation Defects* ; Guided Tissue Regeneration ; Hand ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Perfusion ; Plasma ; Platelet-Rich Plasma* ; Regeneration ; Tooth ; Transplants ; Ultrasonics ; Wound Healing ; Xylazine

OBJECTIVES: Currently established first line therapy of acute (presumed bacterial) rhinosinusitis (ARS) consists of 10 to 14 days of oral amoxicillin or cephalosporins. This study compared the clinical efficacy and tolerance of cefcapene pivoxil (CP) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) in patients with ARS. METHODS: A randomized, open labeled, double-blinded trial of ARS patients over 15 years of age was performed. Patients diagnosed with ARS received paranasal sinus X-rays and nasal endoscopies and 2 weeks of either CP (150 mg, 3 times/ day) or AMC (625 mg, amoxicillin 500 mg, 3 times/day). All patients revisited the clinic on days 7, 14, and 28 for evaluation of changes in symptoms, endoscopy, and monitoring of any adverse reactions. Demographics, clinical characteristics and drug efficacy were also compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Among the 60 initially enrolled patients (CP 30, AMC 30), 5 patients in the CP group and 6 in the AMC group were excluded due to poor compliance. There were no significant differences in demographic data including age, sex, initial signs and symptoms, endoscopic and X-ray findings between the two groups. Rates of improvement after 2 weeks were 96% and 95.8% in the CP and AMC group, respectively. Sinus symptoms were changed significantly after 2 and 4 weeks, however, there was no difference between groups (P=0.41). The most common adverse reaction was gastrointestinal complication, diarrhea occurred in 1 patient in the CP group and 6 in the AMC group (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: CP and AMC were both effective in treating ARS. The difference of treatment outcome was not found between the two groups, however, gastrointestinal complications were less prevalent in the CP group.
Amoxicillin ; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination ; Bacterial Infections ; Cephalosporins ; Clavulanic Acid ; Compliance ; Demography ; Diarrhea ; Double-Blind Method ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Sinusitis ; Treatment Outcome

Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis is an uncommon disease, characterized by an inflammatory arthrosteitis of the sternocostoclavicular region. Clinically, it manifests as a painful swelling of the upper anterior chest wall, which is associated with occasional pustulosis palmaris and plantaris. A 48-year-old man had suffered from pain in both shoulders and the upper anterior part of the chest for 6 months. On examination, a venous engorgement in the neck with dilated collateral veins in the upper chest and shoulders was observed. Swelling was noticed in his face, neck and both arms. Radiologically, the clavicles, the sternum and the first ribs were enlarged with complete fusion between them. 99Tc scintigraphy showed increased uptake in the clavicles and the sternum. Selective venography resulted in a bilateral subclavian and brachiocephalic vein occulation, which resulted from a subclavian vein thrombosis. All the above suggested a sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis. He underwent a vascular graft interposition between the right jugular vein and the left innomianate vein (using 8mm ringed Gore-Tex graft) and a resection of the bilateral medial half of clavicle and 1st rib. Here, we present a case on sternoclavicular hyperostosis with subclavian and brachiocephalic vein thrombosis, and report this case study with a review of the appropriate literature.
Arm ; Brachiocephalic Veins ; Clavicle ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Hyperostosis ; Hyperostosis, Sternocostoclavicular* ; Jugular Veins ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Phlebography ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Ribs ; Shoulder ; Sternum ; Subclavian Vein ; Thoracic Wall ; Thorax ; Thrombosis ; Transplants ; Veins ; Venous Thrombosis*

As a nonhistone DNA-binding protein, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is released in large amounts into the extracellular space immediately after ischemic insult and plays a role in the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we the examined cytokine-like or signaling molecule-like function of extracellular HMGB1 in primary cortical cultures. We found that a large amount of HMGB1 was released following zinc-induced neuronal cell death in primary cortical cultures and that this extracellular HMGB1 might aggravate neuronal damage. The conditioned media collected from zinc-treated primary cortical cultures decreased neuronal cell survival to 69.6+/-1.4% of control values when added to fresh primary cortical cultures. In contrast, treatment with HMGB1-depleted conditioned media produced by cultures treated with an HMGB1 siRNA-expression vector suppressed the induction of neuronal death. A mutant HMGB1 siRNA-expression vector did not suppress the induction of neuronal death, demonstrating a role of HMGB1 in neuronal death. Moreover, HMGB1-depletion in media conditioned by cotreatment with anti-HMGB1 antibody or with anti-RAGE antibody, a potential receptor for HMGB1, recovered neuronal cell survival to 81.0+/-4.0% and 79.0+/-4.0%, respectively, when added to fresh primary cortical cultures. These results indicate that extracellular HMGB1 released after zinc treatment induces neuronal death, which might aggravate zinc toxicity.
Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Cytokines ; Extracellular Space ; HMGB1 Protein ; Neurons ; Zinc

The changes of electroencephalogram(EEG) in patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type are most commonly studied by analyzing power or magnitude in traditionally defined frequency bands. However because of the absence of an identified metric which quantifies the complex amount of information, there are many limitations in using such a linear method. According to the chaos theory, irregular signals of EEG can be also resulted from low dimensional deterministic chaos. Chaotic nonlinear dynamics in the EEG can be studied by calculating the largest Lyapunov exponent(L1). The authors have analyzed EEG epochs from three patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type and three matched control subjects. The largest L1 is calculated from EEG epochs consisting of 16.384 data points per channel in 15 channels. The results showed that patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type had significantly lower L1 than non-demented controls on 8 channels. Topographic analysis showed that the L1 were significantly lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease on all the frontal, temporal, central, and occipital head regions. These results show that brains of patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type have a decreased chaotic quality of electrophysiological behavior. We conclude that the nonlinear analysis such as calculating the L1 can be a promising tool for detecting relative changes in the complexity of brain dynamics.
Alzheimer Disease ; Brain ; Dementia* ; Electroencephalography* ; Head ; Humans ; Nonlinear Dynamics*

Hashimotos thyroiditis and Graves disease have been thought to be the autoirnmune diseases having their distinct and separate clinical and pathologic features. Because of the partial and complete simi1arity in histologic feature, it has been hypothesized that Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Oraves disease may be interrelated. Several patients who had been diagnosed as Graves disease showed features of hypothyroidism, and were proven to have histologie features of Hashimotos thyroiditis in their thyroid tissue. Two meehanisms had been suggested to explain tbis phenomenon. One is that the combined Hashimotos thyroiditis in Graves' disease may become predominant with time, The other is that the amount of TSH receptor blocking antibody may increase in the course of Graves disease. Early recognition of these patients would be impartant to estabilish therapeutic plan. Futhermcee, extensive study of these patients would give more understanding of the mechanism of these diseases. Here we report 5 cases of clinically diagnosed Graves disease with pathologic features of Hashimotos thyroiditis or focal lymphocytic thyroiditis.
Graves Disease ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Receptors, Thyrotropin ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroiditis ; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune

Clustered occurrences of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in family have been noticed. We evaluated patients with AS confirmed by the modified New York criteria for familial history of AS (one or more first to third degree relatives). The clinical characteristics and the recurrence risks (number of AS patients/number of familial members) of the familial AS compared to sporadic AS were investigated. Out of a total of 204 AS patients, 38 patients (18.6%) reported that they had a familial history of AS. The recurrence risks in the familial AS patients for first, second and third degree family members were 14.5%, 5.2%, and 4.4% respectively. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (22.6+/-22.2 vs 35.4+/-34.4, P=0.029) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (1.24+/-1.7 vs 2.43+/-3.3, P=0.003) at diagnosis, body mass index (21.9+/-2.7 vs 23.7+/-3.3, P=0.002) and frequency of oligoarthritis (13.2% vs 33.7%, P=0.021) were significantly lower in the familial form. The presence of HLA-B27 (97.4% vs 83.1%, P=0.044) was significantly higher in familial AS. In conclusion, Korean familial AS patients show a lower frequency of oligoarthritis, lower BMI, lower ESR and CRP at diagnosis and higher presence of HLA-B27.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Arthritis, Juvenile/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Blood Sedimentation ; Body Mass Index ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis ; Demography ; Family ; Female ; HLA-B27 Antigen/metabolism ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phenotype ; Recurrence ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sex Factors ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing/*diagnosis