OBJECTIVETo determine enantiomeric impurity in levocetirizine tablets by using capillary electrophoresis.

METHODSThe effects of pH and the concentrations of sulfated-Β-cyclodextrin (S-Β-CD) and buffer salt on chiral resolution were examined with S-Β-CD as chiral selector.

RESULTSA good enantioseparation of cetirizine was achieved with 30 mmol/L NaH2PO4 buffer solution (pH 7.0) containing 20 g/L of S-Β-CD.

CONCLUSIONThe method developed in the study is sensitive and reliable for determination of enantiomeric impurity in levocetirizine tablets.

Cetirizine ; analysis ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; methods ; Stereoisomerism ; Tablets

Solar urticaria is an uncommon disorder characterized by pruritus, erythema and whealing occurring minutes after exposure to sunlight or artificial radiation, and generally resolves in a few hours. A 46-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of pruritus and whealing, which occurred immediately after exposure to sunlight. Phototesting elicited urticarial reactions in the UVA and visible sepectra. The results of passive and reverse passive transfer studies were all negative. The patient was treated with cetirizine, doxepin and prednisolone. After 2 months of the treatment, the symptoms did not appear.
Cetirizine ; Doxepin ; Erythema ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prednisolone ; Pruritus ; Sunlight ; Urticaria*

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cetirizine in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) while fulfilling Favrot's diagnostic clinical criteria. Dogs received either 3 mg/kg cetirizine (n = 27), or a placebo (n = 23) orally once daily for 14 days in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study, without concomitant medication. The effects were evaluated using a pruritus visual analog scale at the start (day 0) and at day 14. After 14 days, cetirizine clearly had no effect on the pruritus in dogs with chronic AD, and there was no significant difference between groups. These findings indicated that cetirizine (and likely H1 histamine receptor antagonists in general) should not be recommended for the control of pruritus in dogs with long term allergies.
Animals ; Cetirizine* ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Dogs* ; Hypersensitivity ; Pruritus ; Receptors, Histamine ; Visual Analog Scale

BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is a very disturbing and expensive disorder in which the exact etiology is not known and it is yet to be treated completely well. Most alopecia patients exhibit some inflammation in the hair follicles regardless of the causes. The clinical symptoms of alopecia present very diversely while the prime symptom is local intermittent fever which are related to inflamed cells. METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate how repetitive intermittent fever can damage the normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and investigated the cytotoxic and proliferative effects after application of new candidate drugs (ibuprofen, menthol, cetirizine) for alopecia in comparison to minoxidil. RESULTS: This study demonstrated that ibuprofen, menthol, or/and cetirizine can prevent or slow down the damage of NHDF cells from intermittent fever in early alopecia. Aggressive preventative intervention with those drugs before complete destruction of hair follicle by excessive repetitive fever, is a very important step for alopecia therapy and these drugs are recommended as candidate drugs for alopecia in the future. CONCLUSION: Aggressive preventative intervention with drugs before complete destruction of hair follicles (NHDF cells) by excessive repetitive fever is a very important step for alopecia therapy or progression.
Alopecia Areata ; Alopecia* ; Cetirizine* ; Fever* ; Fibroblasts ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Ibuprofen* ; Inflammation ; Menthol* ; Minoxidil

AIMTo study the NMR phenomena of cetirizine hydrochloride and assign all proton and carbon signals in NMR spectra.

METHODSTo record the 1D and 2D NMR spectra of cetirizine hydrochloride while changing the experimental temperature and adding D2O into the solution.

RESULTSMore than one NMR signal or broad peak resulting from piperazine and the attached groups with N atom were given in DMSO-d6 solution at room temperature. "Coalescence" or narrowing had occurred for the proton and carbon signals when the experimental temperature was increased or D2O was added into the solution.

CONCLUSIONCompared with the NMR "time scale", there are more than one conformation of cetirizine hydrochloride in DMSO-d6 solution at room temperature. The different conformation will be exchanged fast while temperature rise and the stable conformation will be existed while D2O was added into the solution.

Cetirizine ; chemistry ; Deuterium ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Protein Conformation ; Temperature

AIMTo find the cause of abnormal NMR spectra of lomerizine dihydrochloride, cetirizine dihydrochloride and flenfluramine camphoramide.

METHODSHypothesizing, in given conditions, there are changes of stereoisomeric conformation and configuration in structure of N-containing compounds, it results in abnormality of NMR spectra. By using the method of NMR, it is confirmed credibily.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONThe moving balance exists between two chair conformations in lomerizine dihydrochloride and cetirizine dihydrochloride. It causes that spin-nuclei of whole molecule are placed in two chemical circumstance. In solution of DMSO-d6, the speed of conformation reversal equals to the NMR time scale, so that chemical shift of spin-nuclei can not be definitely determined, peaks are broadened and even collapsed. After dropping D2O or increasing the temperature, the viscosity of the solution is decreased, the speed of reversal is quicker than NMR time scale, then normal spectra are obtained. Owing to the reversal of the three bonds of nitrogen in flenfluramine camphoramide is limited, other pair of diastereoisomer resulted from the asymmetric nitrogen can be detected by NMR. Multiplication of the peaks of 13CNMR is reasonably explained.

Cetirizine ; chemistry ; Fenfluramine ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Conformation ; Piperazines ; chemistry

Mastocytosis is an uncommon, sporadic, heterogenous illness resulting from hyperplasia of mast cells. Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis is the rarest subtype of mastocytosis affecting children, with bullous mastocytosis being its least common variety. Systemic manifestations like nausea, vomiting, bone pain, diarrhea, and central nervous system abnormalities are less common in children than adults. We report a four-month old male who presented with a two-month history of generalized yellowish to tan macules, papules and plaques with peau d'orange texture, with some blisters and erosions on the back, abdomen and scalp. Darier's sign was positive. Baseline laboratory workup were negative for systemic involvement. CD117 and Giemsa staining were positive for mast cells. Based on the clinical findings and histopathologic results, a diagnosis of bullous mastocytosis was made. Treatment included ketotifen drops, mupirocin cream and cetirizine drops, which resulted in flattening of most lesions and resolution of blisters and erosions.

Human ; Male ; Infant ; Blister ; Cetirizine ; Diarrhea ; Hyperplasia ; Ketotifen ; Mast Cells ; Mastocytosis ; Mastocytosis, Cutaneous ; Mupirocin ; Nausea ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that the combination of a leukotriene receptor antagonist with an antihistamine may have beneficial effects in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study were to evaluate the effects of combining a leukotriene receptor antagonist, pranlukast, and an antihistamine, cetirizine, to treat nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis and the quality of life of the patients. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Thirty-three patients with allergic rhinitis were enrolled in this study. The control group (n=12) received 5 mg cetirizine plus 120 mg pseudoephedrine twice a day while the study group (n=21) received 5 mg cetirizine plus 225 mg pranlukast twice a day. Patients completed a daily symptom-score list for nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal itching during the 7-day treatment period. They also answered the quality of life questionnaire before and after the completion of 7-day treatment. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in the nasal symptoms after the treatment in the control and the study group. However, there was no significant difference between the control and the study group on the improvement of nasal symptom-scores except for the rhinorrhea symptom-score. There were significant improvements in the quality of life domain after the treatment in the control group and the study group. However, there was no significant difference between the control and the study group on the improvement in quality of life domain except for activity limitations. CONCLUSION: A combination of pranlukast and cetirizine is as effective as a combination of pseudoephedrine and cetirizine in treating allergic rhinitis. Therefore, a combination of pranlukast and cetirizine may be another therapeutic alternative for allergic rhinitis patients who are not tolerable of pseudoephedrine.
Cetirizine* ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Leukotrienes ; Nasal Obstruction ; Pruritus ; Pseudoephedrine ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Receptors, Leukotriene ; Rhinitis* ; Sneezing

BACKGROUND: There is limited literature in the management of chronic urticaria in children. Treatment algorithms are generally extrapolated from adult studies. OBJECTIVE: Utility of a weight and age-based algorithm for antihistamines in management of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in childhood. To document associated factors that predict for step of control of CSU and time taken to attain control of symptoms in children. METHODS: A workgroup comprising of allergists, nurses, and pharmacists convened to develop a stepwise treatment algorithm in management of children with CSU. Sequential patients presenting to the paediatric allergy service with CSU were included in this observational, prospective study. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients were recruited from September 2012 to September 2013. Majority were male, Chinese with median age 4 years 7 months. A third of patients with CSU had a family history of acute urticaria. Ten point two percent had previously resolved CSU, 25.5% had associated angioedema, and 53.1% had a history of atopy. A total of 96.9% of patients achieved control of symptoms, of which 91.8% achieved control with cetirizine. Fifty percent of all the patients were controlled on step 2 or higher. Forty-seven point eight percent of those on step 2 or higher were between 2 to 6 years of age compared to 32.6% and 19.6% who were 6 years and older and lesser than 2 years of age respectively. Eighty percent of those with previously resolved CSU required an increase to step 2 and above to achieve chronic urticaria control. CONCLUSION: We propose a weight- and age-based titration algorithm for different antihistamines for CSU in children using a stepwise approach to achieve control. This algorithm may improve the management and safety profile for paediatric CSU patients and allow for review in a more systematic manner for physicians dealing with CSU in children.
Adult ; Angioedema ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cetirizine ; Child ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Male ; Pharmacists ; Prospective Studies ; Urticaria

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of rhinophototherapy with medical therapy on quality of life in persistent allergic rhinitis. METHODS: A prospective, randomized study was being performed between December 2009 and March 2010. The study included 65 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. The diagnosis was confirmed with positive skin tests. All of the patients had house dust mite allergies. We divided the patients into two groups. First group (n=33) was given topical mometasone furoate 200 mcg/day and levocetirizine 5 mg/day for a month. Rhinophototherapy was applied with the same medical therapy to the second group (n=32), twice a week for three weeks continuously. Rhinophototherapy included visible light, ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B. We evaluated patients before the treatment, at the first month and at the third month after treatment with rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire, nasal symptom scores and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. RESULTS: Improvements of all variables of the quality of life questionnaire, nasal symptom scores and VAS were statistically significant in the second group both on the first and the third months when compared with the first group. CONCLUSION: Allergic rhinitis is a social problem and impairs quality of life. Rhinophototherapy with medical therapy improves the quality of life in allergic rhinitis.
Cetirizine ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Light ; Pregnadienediols ; Prospective Studies ; Pyroglyphidae ; Quality of Life ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Skin Tests ; Social Problems ; Mometasone Furoate ; Surveys and Questionnaires