Human papilloma virus (HPV) is believed to be an essential factor for the development of cervical cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia can effectively inhibit the future progression. HPV late 1 protein possesses epitope that can identify and adhere to host cells, and thus may play an important role in HPV infection and cervical carcinogenesis.
Capsid Proteins ; Cervix Uteri ; metabolism ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; virology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the diagnostic performance of different specimens for detecting CIN2(+), and to find the solution of the problem that why the performance of self-collected specimen is worse than cervical specimen collected by physician.

METHODSThe cervix, lower 1/3 vagina, upper 1/3 vagina and self-collected specimens from each of the 806 women who took part in this multi-center screening program from May 2006 to April 2007 were tested by hybrid capture 2 (HC2) technique. The diagnostic performance of HC2 on the four specimens for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was calculated. Linear array was performed on the four specimens from 489 out of the 806 women and the diagnostic performance of linear array on the four specimens for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was also calculated. Z test was used to compare the area under ROC and McNemar or χ(2) test was used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of different specimens.

RESULTSThe area under ROC of the cervix, 1/3 upper vagina, 1/3 lower vagina and self-collected samples testing by HC2 for detecting CIN2(+) lesions were 0.902, 0.793, 0.769 and 0.773, respectively (P < 0.001). Using 1 RUL/CO as the cut-point of HC2, the sensitivity of the cervix, upper vagina, lower vagina and self-collected samples were 98.0%, 91.8%, 83.7% and 81.6%. Compared with the cervical specimen, the sensitivity of self-collected specimen for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was significantly lower (P = 0.008). Lowering the cutoff value for HC2 test could improve the sensitivity of self-collected specimen, but it significantly compromised the specificity. The sensitivity of self-collected specimen tested by linear array for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was 95.7% and it was not significantly different compared with the sensitivity of cervical specimen (97.9%) tested by HC2.

CONCLUSIONSThe performance of self-collected specimen tested by HC2 for detecting CIN2(+) lesions is lower than that of physician-collected cervical specimen, and lowering the cutoff value can't improve its diagnostic performance. Using linear array as the HPV DNA test can significantly improve the screening diagnostic performance of self-collected specimens.

Adolescent ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; virology ; Cervix Uteri ; virology ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Female ; Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Self-Examination ; Specimen Handling ; methods ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; virology ; Vagina ; virology

PURPOSE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a well-known cause of cervical cancer, which, along with its precursors, can be diagnosed and treated with cervical conization (CC). This study aimed to assess HPV- and procedure-related knowledge among women who had undergone CC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February and May 2014, consecutive women who had undergone CC at five different educational hospitals were recruited. All patients had undergone a loop electrosurgical excision procedure as the method of CC. A survey was conducted with a self-developed, 29-item questionnaire, measuring knowledge related to HPV and CC. We analyzed the responses of 160 patients who completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean total knowledge scores (±standard deviation) for HPV and CC were 5.2±3.0 of a possible 13.0 and 8.3±4.2 of a possible 16.0, respectively. While 73% of the patients knew that HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer, only 44% knew that HPV is sexually transmitted. The purpose of CC was correctly identified by 71% of the patients. However, 35% failed to indicate the anatomical area resected at the time of CC in the schematic diagram. Women who were younger (p<0.001), had higher education level (p<0.001), and higher family income (p=0.008) had higher knowledge scores. In contrast, neither interval from CC to survey nor disease severity were associated with total knowledge score. CONCLUSION: The level of knowledge related to HPV and CC was unexpectedly low in women who had undergone CC. Intuitive educational resources may improve this knowledge, and further cohort studies are warranted.
Adult ; Cervix Uteri/*pathology/*virology ; *Conization ; Female ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae/*physiology ; Republic of Korea ; Sexual Behavior ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo determine the association between viral load of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

METHODSCervical exfoliated cells were collected from 18 186 women aged 17 -59 from six urban areas and eight rural areas when they were screened in the cross-sectional population-based studies from 1999 to 2008. HR-HPV was detected by the Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) system, and viral load was measured by the ratio of relative light units to standard positive control (RLU/PC). RLU/PC was categorized for analysis into four groups: negative [0, 1.00), low viral load [1.0, 10.00), moderate viral load [10.00, 100.00), and high viral load > or = 100.00. Cervical lesions were diagnosed by biopsies as normal, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3 and squamous cervical cancer (SCC). Association between HR-HPV viral load and CIN was evaluated by unconditional multinomial logistic regression.

RESULTSThe HR-HPV infection rate of the population was 14.51% (2515/17334). 100.00% (29/29) of SCC, 97.63% (206/211) of CIN 3, 93.43% (199/213) of CIN 2, 75.04% (421/561) of CIN 1 and 10.17% (1660/16320) of normal women were positive for HR-HPV DNA. The median RLUs for the HR-HPV positive women with SCC, CIN 3, CIN 2, CIN 1 and normal were 320.85, 158.05, 143.70, 125.34 and 9.64, respectively. There were significant differences among the distributions of viral loads in each lesion (chi2 = 6190.40, P < 0.01). The severity of CIN increased with the viral load (chi2 = 5493.35, P <0.01). Compared with the risks of CINs in HR-HPV negative population, the risks of CINs in low, moderate and high viral loads were increased gradually [OR(95% CI) : CIN 1 : 9.01(6.31 - 12.87), 24.96(18.23 - 34.17) and 68.42(51.40 - 91.08); CIN 2 : 26.44(12.07 - 57.95), 98.53(49.54 - 195.98) and 322.88(168.62 - 618.27); CIN 3+ : 72.89(24.02-221.18); 343.58(121.81-969.09) and >999.99(473.38 - >999.99)], and there were obvious dose-response relationships (chi2trend was 3115.05, 2413.95 and 3098.57, respectively. P< 0.01). In each age group of the HR-HPV positive population,the risks of CIN 2 + in the women with moderate or high viral load were higher than the one with low viral load [OR(95% CI): <35 : 4.71(1.23 - 18.09) and 15.06(4.40 - 51.49); 35 -: 4.01 (1.62 -9.90) and 14.09(6.15 -32.28); 40 - : 3.06(1.52 -6.16) and 7.78(4.05 -14.95); > or =45: 3.50(1.36 -9. 01) and 7.57(3.13 - 18. 30)], and there was a positive correlation between the risk of CIN 2+ and the viral load (chi2trend was 51.33, 66.28, 53.64 and 51.00, respectively. P <0.01). The risk of CIN 2 + was highest among the women aged 40 - with high viral load [OR (95% CI) : 2.02 (1.15 - 3.52)].

CONCLUSIONThere is strong correlation between the HR-HPV viral load and the severity of CIN, and so is the correlation between the HR-HPV viral load and the risk of CIN 2 +. A moderate to high viral load of HR-HPV should be the major risk factor for the cervical cancer and CIN 2 and CIN 3, and there is a higher risk in the women aged 35 or older than the younger ones. Considering both the age and viral load could help the doctors to manage the screening women more effectively.

Adult ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; epidemiology ; pathology ; virology ; Cervix Uteri ; pathology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; pathology ; virology ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; pathology ; virology ; Viral Load

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the value of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) detection by Hybrid Capture II (HC2) in screening cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN).

METHODSTotally 723 patients who had received a dual screening with thinprep cytologic test (TCT) and HC2 in our department were analyzed retrospectively. Among them, 350 patients received a triple examination with TCT, HC2, and colposcopic biopsy.

RESULTSAmong the 723 patients, the incidences of hrHPV infection with atypical squamous cell (ASC), low squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high squamous intraepithelial lesion were 70.7% (94/133), 88.9% (249/280), and 90.9% (90/99), respectively, significantly higher than 55.5% (117/211), the incidence of hrHPV infection with normal cytological results (P = 0.005, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Among 350 cases who were received triple examination, the incidence of hrHPV infection with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and CIN 2 were 88.9% (72/81) and 96.3% (52/54), significantly higher than 77.7% (153/197), the incidence of hrHPV infection with normal pathological results (P = 0.03, P = 0.002); The incidence of hrHPV infection with CIN 3 and squamous cancer were 91.7% (11/12) and 100.0% (6/6), also higher than normal cases. Among these 350 cases, the incidence of hrHPV infection with ASC was 79.3% (69/87). The incidence of CIN 2-3 with ASC and hrHPV infection was 38.0%, significantly higher than the incidence of CIN 2-3 with ASC and without hrHPV infection (5.9%) (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONhrHPV infection has a close relation with CIN, and the incidence of hrHPV infection increases along with the severity of CIN.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; virology ; Cervix Uteri ; pathology ; virology ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; methods ; Papillomavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; virology

A common polymorphism of the wild type p53 is known at codon 72 of exon 4, with 2 alleles encoding either arginine (CGC, p53Arg) or proline (CCC, p53Pro). A recent study suggested that this polymorphism affects the susceptibility of p53 protein to human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein mediated degradation and that individuals homozygous for p53Arg are seven times more susceptible to HPV-associated carcinogenesis of the cervix than heterozygotes. To examine whether the p53Arg genotype could be a risk factor for HPV-associated cervical carcinomas in the Korean population, we analyzed the p53 codon 72 polymorphism status of HPV-positive invasive cervical carcinomas from 52 Korean women and 103 healthy control samples. The proportion of individuals homozygous for p53Arg, homozygous for p53Pro, and heterozygous for the two alleles were 40%, 19%, and 41% in normal healthy controls; 42%, 17%, and 40% in women with HPV-positive invasive cervical carcinoma. There were no significant differences in the distribution of p53 genotypes between controls and cervical carcinomas. This finding indicates that the p53Arg genotype is not associated with an increased susceptibility to cervical carcinoma in Korean women.
Alleles ; Arginine/genetics ; Cervix Neoplasms/virology ; Cervix Neoplasms/genetics* ; Codon/genetics* ; Female ; Genes, p53/genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Human ; Papillomavirus, Human/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism (Genetics)* ; Proline/genetics ; Protein p53/genetics* ; Risk Factors

The pathogenesis of endocervical glandular lesions are not clearly understood. The aims of this study are to evaluate the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 and the relationship of HPV 16/18, p53 and MIB-1 expressions in endocervical glandular dysplasia (EGD), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and adenocarcinoma. The materials included 14 endocervical adenocarcinoma and 5 AIS and 18 high grade EGD and 39 low grade EGD. Immunohistochemistry for p53 and MIB-1, and in situ PCR for HPV 16/18 were done. HPV 16/18 positivity was 84.2%, 16.7% and 17.9% in malignant glandular lesion (adenocarcinoma and AIS), high grade EGD and low grade EGD, respectively. P53 protein expression rates of malignant glandular lesions, high grade EGD and low grade EGD were 31.6%, 11.1%, and 0%, respectively. High MIB-1 labelling index was found in 73.7% of malignant glandular lesions, but in only 5.7% and 3.6% of high and low grade EGD, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in HPV 16/18, p53 and MIB-1 expressions between malignant endocervical glandular lesions and EGD, but no significant difference in p53 and MIB-1 expressions in relation to HPV 16/18 expression. In malignant endocervical glandular lesions, HPV 16/18 infection may be a major causative factor, but not be related to p53 and MIB-1 expressions.
Adenocarcinoma/pathology/physiopathology/*virology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology/physiopathology/virology ; Cervix Neoplasms/pathology/physiopathology/*virology ; Female ; Human ; Nuclear Proteins/analysis/*genetics ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics ; *Papillomavirus, Human ; Papovaviridae Infections/*pathology/physiopathology ; Protein p53/analysis/*genetics ; Tumor Virus Infections/*pathology/physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo observe the correlation between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical lesion among women living in community of Beijing.

METHODSA total of 795 women at age 20-54, living in Zhanlanlu District of Beijing were screened for cervical lesion. Samples of cervical cytology (LCT) and HPV test (hc2) were collected. Colposcopy and biopsy were conducted in women with positive LCT.

RESULTSIn those 795 women, the infection rate of HPV was 14.1% (112/795). In 40 women who were LCT positive 1 early invasive cervical cancer, 4 cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN3), 3 CIN2 and 7 CIN1 were noticed. In 750 women with negative LCT, 5 CIN1 and 1 low-grade CGIN were diagnosed. In those women who were Cyto(+) and HPV(+), 15 cases (55.6%, 15/27) were diagnosed with > or = CIN1 (including 7 CIN1, 3 CIN2, 4 CIN3 and 1 early invasive cancer).

CONCLUSIONThe risk of cervical lesion significantly increased in women showing positive in cytology and HPV test.

Adult ; Biopsy ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Cervix Uteri ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Colposcopy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Diseases ; epidemiology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Vaginal Smears ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the distribution the tyes- of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical biopsy tissue or exfoliated cell specimen of Chinese women and to estimate the perspective of HPV prophylactic vaccine in China.

METHODSA total of 18 studies using polymerase chain reaction to detect HPV types were included in this Meta-analysis. There were 1335, 394, 381 and 2584 cases included in invasive cervical cancer (ICC), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and normal group respectively. The overall HPV prevalence was estimated by adjusting the variables using unconditional multiple logistic regression model. HPV type-specific HPV prevalence rates of 18 types including HPV6, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73 and 82 were estimated, after stratified by cervical lesion of Chinese women.

RESULTSIn ICC, HSIL, LSIL and normal group, the overall HPV prevalence rates were 82.7%, 88.5%, 69.3% and 13.1% respectively, and the HPV16 type-specific prevalence were 61.9%, 46.7%, 21.0% and 3.1%. HIPV16 was the predominant type in all cervical lesion specimen followed by HPV18 and 58 in ICC group, then HPV58 and 52 in HSIL, LSIL and normal. The estimated HPV16/18-positive fractions were 69.6%, 59.1%, 32.3% and 4.4% respectively in ICC, HSIL and normal. Data from the Meta-analysis showed that the top five common HPV types in ICC women were HPV16, 18, 58, 52 and 31 which contributed for 82.9% of the ICC. Thus the HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58 were accounted for 87.7% ICC in China mainland.

CONCLUSIONThe proportional impact of HPV16/18 vaccine on ICC was estimated as high as 69.6% in China. HPV58 seemed the priority HPV type and should be emphasized enough to be included in the development of new generation HPV vaccine. However, more uniform standardized multi center studies were necessary to get more exact figure about HPV distribution in China.

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Cervix Uteri ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Papillomaviridae ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; Prevalence ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; virology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the correlation of the expression of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and apoptosis in cervical cancer.

METHODSFormalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue samples from 50 cervical cancers and 15 normal uterine cervix cases were obtained. Apoptosis was quantified by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and the expression of HIPK2 as well as HPV by immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTSHIPK2 protein expression was detected in 88.0% (44/50) of cervical cancers and 6.7% (1/15) of normal cervical tissues. HPV was found in 78.0% (39/50) of cervical cancers and 20.0% (3/15) of normal cervical tissue samples. The expression of HIPK2 protein was significantly and positively correlated with HPV presence (r=0.467, P<0.01), but negatively with apoptotic index (r=-0.370, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONHIPK2 protein expression is positively correlated with HPV infection, but negatively with apoptotic index in cervical cancers. Therefore, HIPK2 may be involved in the mechanism of apoptosis in cervical cancer and may play an important role in cervical carcinogenesis.

Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Apoptosis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Carrier Proteins ; metabolism ; Cervix Uteri ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology