Fel Ursi is a dried product obtained from the gallbladder of Ursidae animals, such as Selenarctos thibetanus or Ursus arctos, through gallbladder surgery for bile drainage. It is one of the rare animal medicinal materials in China and is known for its therapeutic effects, including clearing heat, removing toxins, extinguishing wind, relieving spasms, clearing the liver, and improving vision. Research has also found that Fel Ursi has pharmacological effects against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant stress properties. Recently, numerous studies have confirmed the close relationship between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the gut microbiota as well as gut metabolites. Fel Ursi contains bile acid components that may have bidirectional regulatory effects on the gut microbiota and gut metabolites. This aspect could represent a potential therapeutic pathway for Fel Ursi in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This article comprehensively summarized relevant literature in China and abroad, reviewed the research progress on the pharmacological effects of Fel Ursi against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and explored the impact of Fel Ursi on gut microbiota and gut metabolites, thereby aiming to provide references for further in-depth research and clinical application of Fel Ursi.
Animals ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/drug therapy* ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Lung ; Liver ; Ursidae ; Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy*

Ginkgo biloba Extract( GBE50) Dispersible Tablets is a new standardized prescription,which is widely used in the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However,there are still many problems in its clinical application.Rational and safe use of GBE50 Dispersible Tablets is pivotal to the medication safety and clinical prognosis of patients. This consensus has been jointly formulated by clinical experts of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and followed the Manual for the Clinical Experts Consensus of Chinese Patent Medicine published by the China Association of Chinese Medicine. The present study identified clinical problems based on clinical investigation,searched the research papers according to PICO clinical problems,carried out evidence evaluation,classification,and recommendation by GRADE system,and reached the expert consensus with nominal group technique. The consensus combines evidence with expert experience. Sufficient evidence of clinical problems corresponds to " recommendations",while insufficient evidence to " suggestions". Safety issues of GBE50 Dispersible Tablets,such as indications,usage and dosage,and medication for special populations,are defined to improve clinical efficacy,promote rational medication,and reduce drug risks. This consensus needs to be revised based on emerging clinical issues and evidencebased updates in practical applications in the future.
Cerebrovascular Disorders/drug therapy* ; Consensus ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Tablets

Ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases threatening human health and survival have high morbidity and mortality. The common cause of them is reduced blood supply caused by vascular stenosis, atherosclerosis, and infarction. However,the pathological processes of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are complex, involving oxidative stress, calcium overload, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy and other mechanisms. Protein drugs such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator(rt-PA) and urokinase have been proved with excellent therapeutic effects and huge economic and social benefits in the clinical treatment and interventional therapy. Among them, peptide drugs have shown unique advantages and potential prospects owing to their strong biological activity, high target specificity, biochemical diversity, and low toxicity. Chinese medicinal materials, characterized by multi-component and multi-target therapy, have also shown excellent clinical efficacy against ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the research and development of related peptides in Chinese medicinal materials is at the initial stage. Therefore, this paper reviewed the targets and action mechanisms of a variety of Chinese medicinal material-derived polypeptides with activities against ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, aiming to provide support for the in-depth research as well as the clinical development and application of these polypeptides.
Cerebrovascular Disorders/drug therapy* ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Peptides ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator

To explore the regularity of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prescriptions for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases,the core drug groups with common therapeutic effects on cerebrovascular diseases represented by stroke and cardiovascular diseases represented by coronary artery disease were extracted,and their consistency and difference in the treatment of different diseases were analyzed.A total of 388 Chinese patent medicines were collected for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases,cardiovascular diseases and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.The dominant and recessive patterns of Chinese patent medicines in clinical use were found by "frequency analysis","compatibility analysis" and "network analysis" respectively.According to the findings of the three parts,Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Carthami Flos and Astragali Radix have a high frequency of use in the treatment of brain disease,heart disease and both,with frequent combined medication.Data mining confirmed the core drug combinations for the treatment of cerebral and cardiac vascular diseases,so as to reveal the similarities and differences in the drug use of Chinese medicine for these diseases,and provide a basis for the rational use of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical practice.This analysis also defines a new direction for the future development of prescription combinations for different indications of cerebral and cardiac diseases.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; drug therapy ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; drug therapy ; Data Mining ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Prescriptions

Recent studies showed that pathology of alcoholic encephalopathy was associated with cerebral vascular damage. TMP (tetramethyl- pyrazine) is widely used in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, however, it has not been reported whether TMP can relieve alcohol-induced cerebral vascular damages. The study was performed to investigate the learning and memory, cerebrovascular pathological changes and the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and serum levelsofendothelin-1 (ET-1) in the rat model of chronic alcoholic encephalopathy, and explore the effects of TMP intervention on alcoholic encephalopathy. In the present study, the rat model of chronic alcoholic encephalopathy was established by the gavage administration of alcohol; the learning and memory ability was tested by Morris water maze; the expression of VEGF was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot; and the serum levels of ET-1 was measured by radioimmunoassay. We found that alcohol intoxication impaired learning and memory, induced VEGF overexpression and increased ET 1 concentrations. TMP intervention improved learning abilities, increased the VEGF expression and reduced ET-1 level. These results indicate that TMP exhibits therapeutic effects on chronic alcoholic encephalopathy.
Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System ; complications ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Animals ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelin-1 ; blood ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Memory ; drug effects ; Pyrazines ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; analysis ; Vasodilator Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

Remaining organic and functional damage of ischemia cardio-cerebrovascular disease is always a main trouble puzzling the clinicians. After the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), researchers realize that postnatal angiogenesis is an important biological process, which play a key role to repair the ischemia tissue and improve the function. So a new concept which names therapeutic angiogenesis supply a new treament way for the ischemia cardio-cerebrovascular disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated rich experience on treating the ischemia disease, studies found that many Chinese medicine prescriptions and effective ingredients can increase the therapeutic angiogenesis, howerer the mechanisms were not the same, they mainly manifest in regular the secretion of angiogenic factors, increase the proliferation and differentiation etc. In this paper, we review recent studies, summary the Chinese medicine prescriptions and effective ingredients which can increase the therapeutic angiogenesis, and analyze the differernt pathway. We view to provide reference for the later researchers.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; administration & dosage ; Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans

To discuss the distribution of patents' holders for Chinese herbal compounds in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, the patents' holders for Chinese herbal compounds in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular were cluster analyzed by means of simple statistics and cluster analysis. Clustering variables were composed of patent applications, patent maintained number, related papers' quantity, etc. Chinese herbal compound patents' holders were divided into four categories according to their different scientific research and patent strength. It is the magic weapon for Chinese herbal compound patents' holders that have scientific research patents' transforming and make coordination of patent protection and scientific innovation.
Biometry ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; drug therapy ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; drug therapy ; Cluster Analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Herbal Medicine ; economics ; legislation & jurisprudence ; manpower ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; Patents as Topic

AIM: To illuminate the molecular targets for schisandrin against cerebrovascular disease based on the combined methods of network pharmacology prediction and experimental verification. METHOD: A protein database was established through constructing the drug-protein network from literature mining data. The protein-protein network was built through an in-depth exploration of the relationships between the proteins. The computational platform was implemented to predict and extract the sensitive sub-network with significant P-values from the protein-protein network. Then the key targets and pathways were identified from the sensitive sub-network. The most related targets and pathways were also confirmed in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced PC12 cells by Western blotting. RESULTS: Twelve differentially expressed proteins (gene names: NFKB1, RELA, TNFSF10, MAPK1, CHUK, CASP8, PIGS2, MAPK14, CREB1, IFNG, APP, and BCL2) were confirmed as the central nodes of the interaction network (45 nodes, 93 edges). The NF-κB signaling pathway was suggested as the most related pathway of schisandrin for cerebrovascular disease. Furthermore, schisandrin was found to suppress the expression and phosphorylation of IKKα, as well as p50 and p65 induced by H2O2 in PC12 cells by Western blotting. CONCLUSION The computational platform that integrates literature mining data, protein-protein interactions, sensitive sub-network, and pathway results in identification of the NF-κB signaling pathway as the key targets and pathways for schisandrin.
Animals ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cyclooctanes ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; drug effects ; Humans ; Lignans ; pharmacology ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; PC12 Cells ; Polycyclic Compounds ; pharmacology ; Protein Interaction Maps ; drug effects ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo explore the influencing factors for the maintenance of valid patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

METHODLogistic regression analysis was used to detect the influencing factors for the maintenance of valid patents.

RESULTThe maintenance of valid patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was closely related to many factors, such as their invention, patent rights' transfer, patent claims and patent declaration documents.

CONCLUSIONThe maintenance of valid patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases depends on many factors, such as centralization of efficacy of components of patent compound traditional Chinese medicines, increasing number of dependent claims, and supply of new dosage form and detailed experimental data. Therefore, the transfer of patent rights is of great significance to the maintenance of patents.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; drug therapy ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Patents as Topic

BACKGROUNDDespite considerable improvements in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease in various populations over the last few decades, there are still limited data about long-term treatment patterns among patients with various atherosclerotic vascular conditions in China, especially the use of statin therapy.

METHODSBetween June 2007 and October 2009, 16 860 patients aged 50 - 80 years with established history of atherosclerotic vascular disease (coronary heart disease (CHD), atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease (CVD), or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)) from 51 hospitals in 14 cities of China were screened for a large randomized trial. Detailed information about current use of statins and various other treatments was recorded and analyzed by prior disease history, adjusting for various baseline characteristics.

RESULTSAmong the 16 860 patients, the mean age was 63 years and 74% were male. Overall, 78% of the patients had documented CHD, 40% had CVD, 5% had PAD and 21% reported more than one condition. The median time from initial diagnosis of vascular disease to screening was 18 months. At screening, the proportions who took various treatments were 83% for antiplatelet agents, 49% for beta-blockers, 47% for statins and 28% for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The proportion treated with statin was much higher in CHD than in CVD or PAD patients (61% vs. 10% vs. 22% respectively) and decreased significantly with time from initial diagnosis. Simvastatin (mainly 20 mg) and atorvastatin (mainly 10 mg) each accounted for about 40% of total statin use.

CONCLUSIONSIn urban China, there is still significant underuse of various proven secondary preventive therapies, with particularly low use of statins in patients with ischaemic stroke.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; Atorvastatin Calcium ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; drug therapy ; Coronary Artery Disease ; drug therapy ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Heptanoic Acids ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases ; drug therapy ; Pyrroles ; therapeutic use ; Secondary Prevention ; methods ; Simvastatin ; therapeutic use