Catecholamines ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; Child ; Humans ; Neuropeptides ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; Syncope, Vasovagal ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; physiopathology

Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; metabolism ; Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 ; metabolism ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Staphylococcal Infections ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid

Objective: In the present study, the ABCA1 was used as a label to capture specific exosomes, the level of ABCA1-labeled exosomal microRNA-135a (miR-135a) was evaluated for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially in patients with early stages of AD. Methods: This is a preliminary research focused on the levels of ABCA1 in WBCs, RBCs, HT-22 cells, and neuron cells. The diagnostic value of ABCA1-labeled exosomal miR-135a was examined using the CSF and serum of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, and 152 patients with SCD, 131 patients with MCI, 198 patients with DAT, and 30 control subjects. Results: The level of ABCA1 exosomes harvested from HT-22 cells and neuron culture medium was significantly higher compared to that of RBCs and WBCs ( Conclusion This study outlines a method to capture specific exosomes and detect them using immunological methods, which is more efficient for early diagnosis of AD.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Animals ; Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Cell Line ; Cognitive Dysfunction/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Erythrocytes/metabolism* ; Exosomes ; Female ; Humans ; Leukocytes/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice, Transgenic ; MicroRNAs/blood* ; Neurons/metabolism*

BACKGROUNDCentral nervous system leukemia (CNSL) is an important relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We investigated the possible role of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in predicting CNSL.

METHODSFrom August 2008 to December 2010, 380 children were enrolled in this study at Shijitan Hospital, China. These children were from 2 to 16 years old, and the median age was 6.5 years. They were divided into a CNSL group (7 cases), a leukemia group (307 cases), a non-leukemia group (26 cases) and a healthy group (40 children). CSF specimens were obtained from conventional lumbar punctured, then centrifuged and supernatants preserved for H(2)S detection. Leukemic cells precipitates from CSF were found in three cases, the hCSE and hCBS mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and H(2)S levels in serum were also measured. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used to assess the predictive diagnosis role of CSF H(2)S in children with ALL and CNSL.

RESULTSThe serum H(2)S contents of the CNSL and leukemia groups were (96.98 ± 15.77) µmol/L and (93.35 ± 17.16) µmol/L respectively, much higher than those of healthy, (44.29 ± 2.15) µmol/L, and non-leukemia, (46.32 ± 6.54) µmol/L, groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the leukemia group, CSF H(2)S content of the CNSL group was significantly high (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, in contrast to the non-leukemia group, CSF H(2)S contents of the CNSL and leukemia groups were both significantly increased (P < 0.01). In addition, leukemic cells from CSF precipitations could express CBS and CSE mRNA. Furthermore, the ROC analysis showed the UAC was 0.929 (95%CI: 0.857 - 1.000), and the optimum cut-off value of CSF H(2)S was 12.08 µ mol/L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 97.2% respectively.

CONCLUSIONSCSF H(2)S contents were significantly increased in children with CNSL. After treatment, H(2)S contents were decreased subsequently. Therefore, we speculated that H(2)S levels of CSF would predict CNSL in ALL children.

Adolescent ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cystathionine beta-Synthase ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Leukemia ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Lyases ; genetics ; Male

BACKGROUNDAlthough traumatic brain injury can lead to opening the blood-brain barrier and leaking of blood substances (including water) into brain tissue, few studies of brain antigens leaking into the blood and the pathways have been reported. Brain antigens result in damage to brain tissues by stimulating the immune system to produce anti-brain antibodies, but no treatment has been reported to reduce the production of anti-brain antibodies and protect the brain tissue. The aim of the study is to confirm the relationship between immune injury and arachnoid granulations following traumatic brain injury, and provide some new methods to inhibit the immune injury.

METHODSIn part one, methylene blue was injected into the rabbits' cisterna magna after traumatic brain injury, and concentrations of methylene blue and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in blood were detected to determine the permeability of arachnoid granulations. In part two, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and immature dendritic cells were injected into veins, and concentrations of interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, anti-brain antibodies (ABAb), and IL-12 were measured by ELISA on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after injury, and the numbers of leukocytes in the blood were counted. Twenty-one days after injury, expression of glutamate in brain tissue was determined by immunohistochemical staining, and neuronal degeneration was detected by H&E staining.

RESULTSIn part one, blood concentrations of methylene blue and TNF-α in the traumatic brain injury group were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Concentrations of methylene blue and TNF-α in the trauma cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) injected group were higher than in the control cerebrospinal fluid injected group (P < 0.05). In part two, concentrations of IL-1, IFN-γ, ABAb, IL-12, expression of glutamate (Glu), neuronal degeneration and number of peripheral blood leukocytes were lower in the group with cell treatment compared to the control group. IL-10 and TGF-β were elevated compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONSTraumatic brain injury can lead to stronger arachnoid granulations (AGs) permeability; umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and immature dendritic cells can induce immune tolerance and reduce inflammation and anti-brain antibodies to protect the brain tissue.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Animals ; Antigens ; blood ; metabolism ; Brain Injuries ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Cells ; metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Interleukin-1 ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Interleukin-12 ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Methylene Blue ; metabolism ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; Rabbits ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid

Animals ; Biomarkers ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; Brain ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Central Nervous System ; metabolism ; Exocytosis ; Humans ; Mice ; MicroRNAs ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; Secretory Vesicles ; metabolism

Adolescent ; Brain Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; metabolism ; Chorionic Gonadotropin ; metabolism ; Germinoma ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called presenile dementia, is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people. The main pathological features of AD include senile plaques (SPs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuron loss. A biomarker is a characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Class biomarkers of AD such as Abeta and phosphorylated tau have been widely used in clinical diagnosis of AD patients. Recently, novel technologies like proteomics, genomics, and imaging techniques have expanded the role of a biomarker from early diagnosis to monitoring the progression of diseases and evaluating the response to various treatments. In this article, we will review the progress of various biomarkers of AD.
Adipokines ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Alzheimer Disease ; cerebrospinal fluid ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Lectins ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Peptide Fragments ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Phosphorylation ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Presenilins ; analysis ; alpha 1-Antitrypsin ; blood ; tau Proteins ; cerebrospinal fluid

Adult ; Antigens, Neoplasm ; analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Melanoma ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; pathology ; Melanoma-Specific Antigens ; Melanosis ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; pathology ; Meningeal Neoplasms ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; pathology ; Meninges ; chemistry ; pathology ; Neoplasm Proteins ; analysis ; S100 Proteins ; analysis

We previously identified a unique nucleus, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus. This study aims to understand its gene architecture and preliminarily suggest its functions. The results showed that there were about 19,666 genes in this nucleus, of which 913 were distinct from the dorsal raphe nucleus (non-CSF contacting). The top 40 highly-expressed genes are mainly related to energy metabolism, protein synthesis, transport, secretion, and hydrolysis. The main neurotransmitter is 5-HT. The receptors of 5-HT and GABA are abundant. The channels for Cl^-, Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ are routinely expressed. The signaling molecules associated with the CaMK, JAK, and MAPK pathways were identified accurately. In particular, the channels of transient receptor potential associated with nociceptors and the solute carrier superfamily members associated with cell membrane transport were significantly expressed. The relationship between the main genes of the nucleus and life activities is preliminarily verified.
Rats ; Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism*