Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biological Assay ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/chemistry* ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prion Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Young Adult

Adult ; Antigens, Neoplasm ; analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Melanoma ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; pathology ; Melanoma-Specific Antigens ; Melanosis ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; pathology ; Meningeal Neoplasms ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; pathology ; Meninges ; chemistry ; pathology ; Neoplasm Proteins ; analysis ; S100 Proteins ; analysis

In order to set up a base for stem cells to be widely used in clinical medicine, we tried to optimize, in this study, the technique that induces human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to differentiate into neural stem cells by using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the different groups. After the induction, presence of neural stem cells was confirmed with microscope observation, flow cytometry analysis, immunohistochemistry and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. At the same time, we also compared and analysed the data of the number of stem cells when it totally met the requirements for clinical treatment and the days required. At last, we confirmed that hMSCs could be induced to differentiate into neural stem cells, and that the number of cells totally met the requirements for clinical treatment. But there were some differences both in the number of cells and the days required. Among the groups, the group that marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients own induced by CSF from healthy volunteers used the shortest time and the quantity of the cells was significantly higher than those of the others.
Cell Differentiation ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; chemistry ; Culture Media ; chemistry ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Neural Stem Cells ; cytology

According to the research methods for pharmaceutical chemistry of serum containing Chinese medicine, we put forward the concept, research ideas and methods of "pharmaceutical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid containing Chinese medicine" for the first time on the basis of summary of the present situation in research on the base of single and compound Chinese medicine by applying the composition analysis methods on pharmaceutical chemistry of the drug through blood brain barrier. At the same time, scientific research value and prospect of pharmaceutical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid containing Chinese medicine were discussed. The study on "pharmaceutical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid containing Chinese medicine" will give an important complement to the study methods of material base of traditional Chinese medicine, and promote the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.
Blood-Brain Barrier ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Research Design

OBJECTIVETo investigate in vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1 ) and sanchinoside R1 (R1) after intratympanic administration (IT) or intravenous administration (IV) of Panax notoginseng saponions (PNS) solution, and provide a novel route for delivering traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to the brain.

METHODThe guinea pigs were employed as experimental animal. Perilymph (PL), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain tissue and plasma were collected periodically after IT and IV of PNS solution. The concentrations of Rb1, Rg1 and R1 were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and statistic program DAS was applied to the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The self-defined weighting coefficients based on area under curve (AUC) of each component were created to obtain the holistic pharmacokinetic profiles of PNS. The integrated pharmacokinetic parameters were then calculated from non-compartmental model analysis.

RESULTRb1, Rg1 and R1 diffused through the round window membrane into PL of the inner ear, and then transported to the brain after IT of PNS solution. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters showed significant differences between the three components. Based on the self-defined AUC weighting coefficients integration approach, the holistic pharmacokinetic profiles of PNS were obtained, from which the integrated pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The C(max) in CSF and brain tissues following IT were respectively 1.5 and 0.4-fold higher than those following IV. After IT, the AUC in CSF and brain tissues increased by 0.5 and 1.2 times compared with IV. Furthermore, the C(max) and AUC in plasma following IT were respectively 45.9% and 33.1% lower than those following IV.

CONCLUSIONThis novel intra-cochlear administration might serve as a potential and promising alternative to TCM delivery with enhanced brain-targeted efficiency.

Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Drug Administration Routes ; Ear, Middle ; metabolism ; Female ; Ginsenosides ; administration & dosage ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; pharmacokinetics ; Guinea Pigs ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Perilymph ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Saponins ; administration & dosage ; blood ; cerebrospinal fluid ; pharmacokinetics

BACKGROUND: Rapid and accurate detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important for patients with tuberculous meningitis because early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment improve the outcome of the disease. PCR techniques have been applied but are not yet well established for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. The Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc. ) can be used fur the detection of M. tuberculosis by PCR technique, but its use has not been recommended currently for extrapulmonary samples. We evaluated the Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test for the direct detection of M. tuberculosis from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of patients suspicious of having tuberculous meningitis. METHODS: We examined a total of 103 CSF samples from 76 patients. Tuberculous meningitis was diagnosed by clinical history, chest X-ray, CSF chemistry, bacteriology, computed tomography and response to antituberculous treatment. Twenty-six samples were obtained from 13 patients with tuberculous meningitis. For the Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test, 0.3 - 2.0 mL of CSF was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min and its pellet was treated as the instructions of the kit. RESULTS: Of the 103 CSF samples, none were smear-positive by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain, seven were culture-positive and twelve were PCR-positive. Of the 26 samples from 13 patients with tuberculous meningitis, seven from six patients were culture-positive and eleven from six patients were PCR-positive. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test for the patients compared to the clinical diagnosis were 46.2, 98.4, 85.7, and 89.9%, respectively, while the culture yielded 46.2, 100.0, 100.0, and 90.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test using CSF specimen for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis is specific and is as sensitive as culture. The assay will provide rapid and valuable information for the diagnosis and control of tuberculous meningitis.
Bacteriology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Chemistry ; Diagnosis* ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thorax ; Tuberculosis* ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal*

BACKGROUND: Rapid and accurate detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important for patients with tuberculous meningitis because early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment improve the outcome of the disease. PCR techniques have been applied but are not yet well established for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. The Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc. ) can be used fur the detection of M. tuberculosis by PCR technique, but its use has not been recommended currently for extrapulmonary samples. We evaluated the Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test for the direct detection of M. tuberculosis from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of patients suspicious of having tuberculous meningitis. METHODS: We examined a total of 103 CSF samples from 76 patients. Tuberculous meningitis was diagnosed by clinical history, chest X-ray, CSF chemistry, bacteriology, computed tomography and response to antituberculous treatment. Twenty-six samples were obtained from 13 patients with tuberculous meningitis. For the Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test, 0.3 - 2.0 mL of CSF was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min and its pellet was treated as the instructions of the kit. RESULTS: Of the 103 CSF samples, none were smear-positive by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain, seven were culture-positive and twelve were PCR-positive. Of the 26 samples from 13 patients with tuberculous meningitis, seven from six patients were culture-positive and eleven from six patients were PCR-positive. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test for the patients compared to the clinical diagnosis were 46.2, 98.4, 85.7, and 89.9%, respectively, while the culture yielded 46.2, 100.0, 100.0, and 90.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Amplicor(TM) M. tuberculosis test using CSF specimen for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis is specific and is as sensitive as culture. The assay will provide rapid and valuable information for the diagnosis and control of tuberculous meningitis.
Bacteriology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Chemistry ; Diagnosis* ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thorax ; Tuberculosis* ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal*

PURPOSE: Cytokines found at a inflammatory site may be a good indicator of clinical severity of an infectious inflammatory disease. We assayed interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients affected with viral meningitis, and verified the relationship between IL-6 and inflammatory parameters and whether IL-6 can be used as a diagnostic marker in the diagnosis of viral meningitis. METHODS: We measured CSF IL-6 concentration in viral meningitis (30 cases) and healthy children (3 cases) by using ELISA, and also measured serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) chemistry and inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP). We compared the data and analyzed the relationship between the results. RESULTS: The CSF IL-6 levels of viral meningitis (520.1+/-384.3pg/dL) were significantly higher than that of normal control (2.3+/-4.0pg/dL) (P<0.05). The relationship between CSF IL-6 level and serum CRP was significant (P=0.0041). The relationship between CSF protein level and CSF IL-6 level was significant (P=0.001). There was no significant correlation between CSF IL-6 level and CSF WBC count. CONCLUSION: According to these results, we concluded that viral meningitis is highly associated with CSF IL-6, and we predict CSF IL-6 is useful in the diagnosis and prediction of treatment for viral meningitis.
C-Reactive Protein ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Chemistry ; Child ; Cytokines ; Diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interleukin-6* ; Meningitis, Viral*

The present study was aimed to investigate the role of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-CN) neurons in modulation of inflammatory pain and underlying mechanism. The inflammatory pain model was made by subcutaneous injection of the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the left hind paw of rats. The phosphorylation level of PKC (p-PKC) was examined by Western blot. Thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) of the rats was measured to assess inflammatory pain. The results showed that, compared with the sham controls, the inflammatory pain model rats showed shortened TWL on day 1, 3, and 7 after CFA injection, as well as increased level of p-PKC in CSF-CN neurons at 24 h after CFA injection. The administration of GF109203X, a PKC inhibitor, into lateral ventricle decreased the level of p-PKC protein expression and increased TWL in the model rats. These results suggest that blocking the PKC pathway in CSF-CN neurons may be an effective way to reduce or eliminate the inflammatory pain.
Animals ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Inflammation ; enzymology ; Neurons ; enzymology ; Pain ; enzymology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C ; cerebrospinal fluid ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo detect absorbed bioactive compounds of the water extract whose pharmacodynamic effect was craniocerebral protection for quality control assessment.

METHODSAnthraquinones in water extract of rhubarb (WER), in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in ipsilateral cortex of TBI rats following oral WER were respectively explored by ultra performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) method developed in the present study. The effects of anthraquinones absorbed into injured cortex on superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity in TBI rats were detected. The antioxidative anthraquinones absorbed into target organ were evaluated for quality control of WER.

RESULTSAnthraquinones in WER were aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion. Only the last anthraquinone was found in CSF and in ipsilateral cortex under this chromatographic condition. Physcion increased SOD activity in TBI rats significantly.

CONCLUSIONSPhyscion was the main active compound of rhubarb against craniocerebral injury via antioxidant pathway. According to our strategy, the exploration of physcion suggested the possibility of a novel quality control of WER in treating TBI injury.

Absorption ; drug effects ; Animals ; Anthraquinones ; cerebrospinal fluid ; chemistry ; Biological Products ; analysis ; cerebrospinal fluid ; chemistry ; Brain Injuries ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Chromatography, Liquid ; instrumentation ; methods ; Emodin ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Limit of Detection ; Linear Models ; Male ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rheum ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry