OBJECTIVETo evaluate the third plane image of the three-dimensional sonography (3D US) for the quantitative analysis of the cerebellar vermis in normal and Dandy-Walker syndrome (DWS) fetuses.

METHODSThe cerebellar vermis was scanned with trans-abdominal 3D US in the second and third trimesters in 571 normal fetuses and 39 fetuses with Dandy-Walker syndrome. The surface area of the vermis in the mid-sagittal view was measured and calculated. The correlation between the vermian area and the pregnant week was analyzed. The data of vermian area between normal and DWS fetuses was compared.

RESULTSThe vermian area was measured in 529 normal fetuses in the third plane of 3D US. The vermis grew in a linear fashion throughout pregnancy and the growth pattern positively correlated with the gestational age (r2 = 0. 854, P < 0.05). In 39 fetuses with DWS, including 14 with Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) and 25 with Dandy-Walker variant (DWV), no vermian structure was showed in the mid-sagittal plane in 12 fetuses with DWM and 2 fetuses with DWV, whereas a small vermis appeared in other DWSs.

CONCLUSIONSThe third plane image obtained by 3D US is valuable in studying the fetal cerebellar vermis during the middle and late pregnancy. Knowledge of normal and abnormal vermian appearance may help identify developmental anomalies. Measurement of vermian area in the third plane with 3D US provide a quantitative indicator for prenatal diagnosis of DWS.

Cerebellum ; abnormalities ; diagnostic imaging ; Dandy-Walker Syndrome ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal

OBJECTIVES: To study the changes in biochemical metabolites in the thalamus and the cerebellum and their association with clinical features in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: In this prospective study, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with point-resolved spatial selection was used to analyze the thalamus and the cerebellum at both sides in 50 children with ASD aged 2-6 years. Creatine (Cr) was as the internal standard to measure the relative values of N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr, choline (Cho)/Cr, myoinositol (MI)/Cr, and glutamine and glutamate complex (Glx)/Cr, and the differences in metabolites and their association with clinical symptoms were compared. RESULTS: In the children with ASD, NAA/Cr in the left thalamus was positively correlated with the scores of hearing-language and hand-eye coordination in the Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese ( CONCLUSIONS There are metabolic disorders in the cerebellum and the thalamus in children with ASD, and there is a correlation between the changes of metabolites in the left cerebellum and the left thalamus. Some metabolic indexes are related to the clinical symptoms of ASD. MRS may reveal the pathological basis of ASD and provide a basis for diagnosis and prognosis assessment of ASD as a noninvasive and quantitative detection method.
Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnostic imaging* ; Cerebellum/diagnostic imaging* ; Child ; Choline ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Prospective Studies ; Thalamus/diagnostic imaging*

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) is a type of rare brain tumor located in posterior fossa. A patient with LDD located in the left cerebellum and vermis was admitted by the Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. MRI scan showed slightly heterogeneous enhancement at the region close to vermis. The patient underwent partial resection on August 11, 2016 without postoperative chemoradiotherapy. The progress free survival was 11 months and the overall survival was 17 months. What the case reveals is that the partial resection is not beneficial to these patients with LDD as the residual lesion probably recurs in a short term after operation. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of LDD are explored and summarized in combination with relevant literature.
Cerebellar Neoplasms/surgery* ; Cerebellum ; Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple/diagnostic imaging* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local

OBJECTIVES: Clinically, it has been found that some patients with epilepsy are accompanied by cerebellar atrophy that is inconsistent with symptoms, but the pattern of cerebellar atrophy after epilepsy and the role of cerebellar atrophy in the mechanism of epilepsy have not been elucidated. This study aims to explore the specific pattern of cerebellar atrophy after epilepsy via analyzing magnetic resonance images in patients with postepileptic cerebellar atrophy. METHODS: A total of 41 patients with epilepsy, who received the treatment in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2017 to January 2022 and underwent cranial MRI examination, were selected as the case group. The results of cranial MRI examination of all patients showed cerebellar atrophy. In the same period, 41 cases of physical examination were selected as the control group. General clinical data and cranial MRI results of the 2 groups were collected. The maximum area and signal of dentate nucleus, the maximum width of the brachium pontis, the maximum anterior-posterior diameter of the pontine, and the maximum transverse area of the fourth ventricle were compared between the 2 groups. The indexes with difference were further subjected to logistic regression analysis to clarify the characteristic imaging changes in patients with cerebellar atrophy after epilepsy. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the maximum width of the brachium pontis and the maximum anterior-posterior diameter of the pontine were decreased significantly, the maximum transverse area of the fourth ventricle was increased significantly in the case group (all P<0.05). The difference in distribution of the low, equal, and high signal in dentate nucleus between the 2 groups was statistically significant (χ²=43.114, P<0.001), and the difference in the maximum area of dentate nucleus between the 2 groups was not significant (P>0.05). The maximum width of the brachium pontis [odds ratio (OR)=3.327, 95% CI 1.454 to 7.615, P=0.004] and the maximum transverse area of the fourth ventricle (OR=0.987, 95% CI 0.979 to 0.995, P=0.002) were independent factors that distinguished cerebellar atrophy after epilepsy from the normal control, while the anterior-posterior diameter of pontine (OR=1.456, 95% CI 0.906 to 2.339, P>0.05) was not an independent factor that distinguished them. CONCLUSIONS In MRI imaging, cerebellar atrophy after epilepsy is manifested as significant atrophy of the brachium pontis, significant enlargement of the fourth ventricle, and increased dentate nucleus signaling while insignificant dentate nucleus atrophy. This particular pattern may be associated with seizures and exacerbated pathological processes.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pons ; Epilepsy/diagnostic imaging* ; Atrophy/pathology* ; Cerebellum/pathology*

Adolescent ; Cerebellum ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Cerebral Angiography ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Moyamoya Disease ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology

Brain size is a useful parameter describing ontogenic character and function. Despite its potential contribution to functional study and diagnosis of disease, it has been hampered by poor assessment tools in vivo and postmortem changes. Recent development of medical imaging techniques such as MRI and CT enable us to understand brain structures in vivo. Many morphometirc studies of the brain has given us new insights in the field of functional neuroanatomy and neuropsychiatric diseases. In spite of these advances, volumetric data of normal Korean brain is not available yet. As an initial approach to Korean standard brain size, we measured the cerebellar volume between 20 and 80 years old Koreans. The MRI films free from lesions in brain was analyzed and measured by NIH image program. The Korean cerebellar volume were ranged between 86.2cm(3) and 141.3 cm(3) and average male cerebellum volume was significantly larger than that of female[male : 118.2+/-11.2cm(3)] > female : 108.0+/-9.6cm(3), P=0.1021E-07<0.05]. And we could not find volume change according to aging process. This is the first report on normal Korean cerebellar volume and the presence of gender difference in the Korean cerebellar volume. These data will be used for the standard useful in studying cerebellar function and cerebellum associated disorders in the future.
Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Brain ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Neuroanatomy ; Postmortem Changes

A 58-year-old Indian woman presented with asystole after an episode of haemetemesis, with a patient downtime of 20 mins. After initial resuscitation efforts, computed tomography of the brain, obtained to evaluate neurological injury, demonstrated evidence of severe hypoxic ischaemic brain injury. The imaging features of hypoxic ischaemic brain injury and the potential pitfalls with regard to image interpretation are herein discussed.
Adolescent ; Brain Ischemia ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Cerebellum ; diagnostic imaging ; Critical Care ; Female ; Heart Arrest ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Shock, Cardiogenic ; complications ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the phenotype and genetic variant of a fetus with dysplasia of cerebellar vermis. METHODS: Gestational status and family history of the gravida was taken in combination with the imaging results of the fetus. Following elected abortion, fetal tissue and peripheral blood samples of the couple were collected for the extraction of genome DNA. Whole exome sequencing was carried out to screen potential variant associated with the phenotype of the proband. Specific PCR primers were designed to verify the results by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Prenatal ultrasound revealed that the fetal vermis cerebellum was poorly developed, which was similar to the previous pregnancy. Whole exome sequencing revealed that the fetus has carried compound heterozygous variants of the CPLANE1 gene, namely c.7978C>T and c.7169delT, which were respectively inherited from the husband and wife. CONCLUSION The c.7978C>T and c.7169delT compound heterozygous variants of the CPLANE1 gene probably underlay the dysplasia of cerebellar vermis in the fetus, which has provided a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics* ; Cerebellum/diagnostic imaging* ; Eye Abnormalities/genetics* ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Retina/abnormalities*

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neuropsychiatric disorder that has been linked to the dopaminergic system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of regulation of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) on functional brain activity during the resting state in ADHD children using the methods of regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed in 49 children with ADHD. All participants were classified as either carriers of the DRD4 4-repeat/4-repeat (4R/4R) allele (n = 30) or the DRD4 2-repeat (2R) allele (n = 19). The results showed that participants with the DRD4 2R allele had decreased ReHo bilaterally in the posterior lobes of the cerebellum, while ReHo was increased in the left angular gyrus. Compared with participants carrying the DRD4 4R/4R allele, those with the DRD4 2R allele showed decreased FC to the left angular gyrus in the left striatum, right inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral lobes of the cerebellum. The increased FC regions included the left superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and rectus gyrus. These data suggest that the DRD4 polymorphisms are associated with localized brain activity and specific functional connections, including abnormality in the frontal-striatal-cerebellar loop. Our study not only enhances the understanding of the correlation between the cerebellar lobes and ADHD, but also provides an imaging basis for explaining the neural mechanisms underlying ADHD in children.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; diagnostic imaging ; genetics ; pathology ; Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; Cerebellum ; diagnostic imaging ; Child ; Corpus Striatum ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Frontal Lobe ; diagnostic imaging ; Genotype ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Minisatellite Repeats ; genetics ; Neural Pathways ; diagnostic imaging ; Oxygen ; blood ; Receptors, Dopamine D4 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rest

We studied local cerebral blood flow with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in 15 patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy(OPCA) and 15 age-matched control subjects without neurological desease. The diagnosis of OPCA was based upon the history and physical findings and upon the exclusion of other cerebellar ataxia by means of laboratory investigations. Computed tomographic scan and MRI revealed some degree of atrophy of the cerebellum in most patient with OPCA, and many also had atrophy of the brain stem. SPECT studies in these patients revealed decreased cerebral blood flow in the cerebellum in comparison with the normal control subjects(p<0.001). Two patients with minimal atrophy or no structural changes in the cerebellum also showed decreased perfusion. Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT may be useful as a diagnostic test in patients with OPCA. Some instances suggest that Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT may show abnormal finding earlier than other neuroimaging methods.
Atrophy ; Brain Stem ; Cerebellar Ataxia ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroimaging ; Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies* ; Perfusion ; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*