The questions concerning storage temperature and storage duration of the fortified ophthalmic antibiotic solutions are raised. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the influence of fortified ophthalmic antibiotic solutions on its biological and physical properties according to the storage temperature and duration as time goes by. We examined the changes of pH, absorbance spectra, and anti-microbial activity of cefradine(63mg/ml)and gentamicin sulfate(13.6mg/ml) over a four-week period. The results were as follows: There was no difference between the potency of fortified GM solutions stored at 4 degrees C and that at 24 degrees C for 4 weeks. The cefradine stored 24 degrees C exhibited significant changes in both its tJotency and stability after ithe seventh day of storage. The cefradine stored at 4 degrees C exhibited changes in Its absorbance spectra day by day and potency after 14th day.
Cephradine ; Gentamicins ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ophthalmic Solutions*

The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of cephalosporin derivatives, (cephaloridine, cefazolin sodium, cephradine, cephapirin aodium, cephacetrile sodium, and cephalexin from various Korean drug companies) for Staphykcoccus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was measured by the tube dilution method, using Mueller-Hinton broth. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The MIC of each individual cephalosporin derivative, although produced by different manufacturers, was similiar or equal. 2) Against Staphyloeoccus aureus, cephaloridine and cephapirin had the lowest MIC while cephradine and, cephalexin the highest. Against E. coli, cephaloridine and cefazolin had the lowest MIC while cephradine and cephalexin the highest. 3) The MIC against Staphylococcus aureus was l5.6 to 250 times lower than that against E. coli in all cephalosporin derivatives. 4) The MIC against Staphylococcus aureus ranges from 0.0125 to l.0ug/ml and against E. coli from 1. 56 to 25ug/ml in all cephalasporin derivatives.
Cefazolin ; Cephacetrile ; Cephalexin ; Cephaloridine ; Cephapirin ; Cephradine ; Escherichia coli ; Staphylococcus aureus

Febrile morbidity after cesarean section is one of the major problems in obstetric practice. This morbidity is most often due to endometritis. Although parenteral prophylactic antibiotics or antibiotic irrigation has been reported to reduce the incidence of endometritis after cesarean section, its incidence remains high. Among the patients who were undergoing cesarean section at Yeungnam University Hospital from the beginning of March, 1985, three group were evaluated in the orders. 1) 30 cases as intrauterine irrigation group with cephradine solution, 2) 35 cases as intravenous injection group with cephradine, 3) 35 cases as control group are neither irrigated nor injected. Febrile morbidity was also evaluated by means of a fever index. The incidence of clinically diagnosed endometritis in the three group were 6.7%, 2.9%, and 22.9%. As these results, two study groups were markedly reduced the incidence of endometritis than control group. There was no significant difference between the intrauterine irrigation with cephradine and control, but significant difference between the intravenous cephradine injection and control (P<0.05). With the results of fever index analysis, both prophylactic intrauterine irrigation and intravenous injection markedly reduce the incidence of endometritis after cesarean section with statistical significance (P<0.05), and also markedly reduce the febrile degree.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephradine* ; Cesarean Section* ; Endometritis ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Incidence ; Injections, Intravenous* ; Pregnancy

Anaphylaxis is an acute life-threatening event, presenting with various clinical symptoms. However, each pathophysiologic mechanism has not been completely understood. We report a case of atypical duodenal ulcers after cephradine induced anaphylactic shock. A 33-year-old woman was injected intravenously of cephradine and propofol for genoplasty, and anaphylactic reaction developed. After the recovery of shock, the patient who complained severe epigastric pain showed unusual endoscopic findings which were are multiple, irregular and shallow ulcerations at the bulb and the second portion of the duodenum. The symptom got improved after ulcer treatment. Histologically, the ulcerating inflammation was detected with eosinophilic infiltration and vascular thrombi. The skin provocation test for cephradine was positive. We suggest that the atypical duodenal ulcer was induced by transient ischemic mucosal injury and chemical damage due to the anaphylactic reaction.
Adult ; Anaphylaxis* ; Cephradine ; Duodenal Ulcer* ; Duodenum ; Eosinophils ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Propofol ; Shock ; Skin ; Ulcer

Construction of a successful near infrared analysis model is a complex task. It spends a lot of manpower and material resources, and is restricted by sample collection and model optimization. So it is important to study on the extended application of the existing near infrared (NIR) models. In this paper, cephradine capsules universal quantitative model was used as an example to study on the feasibility of its extended application. Slope/bias correction and piecewise direct standardization correction methods were used to make the universal model to fit to predict the intermediates in manufacturing processes of cephradine capsules, such as the content of powder blend or granules. The results showed that the corrected NIR universal quantitative model can be used for process control although the results of the model correction by slope/bias or piecewise direct standardization were not as good as that of model updating. And it also indicated that the model corrected by slope/bias is better than that by piecewise direct standardization. Model correction provided a new application for NIR universal models in process control.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; Calibration ; standards ; Cephradine ; chemistry ; Feasibility Studies ; Models, Chemical ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

Various kinds of bone cements mixed with antibiotics have been widely used for treatment and prevention of infections, especially combined with bone defects. But bone cements have some disadvantages in that they are rather expensive and capable of incurring some complications such ss fibrosis of surrounding soft tissue or local erosion of bone, and furthermore, they must be removed after infection is controlled for bone graft to fill up the defects because they do not have properties of osteoconduction or osteoinduction. So we have come to the idea of using theoretically advantageous plaster of paris to take place of bone cements, and performed in-vitro experiment upon the effectiveness of plaster of paris pellets containing antibiotics, then obtained good results comparable to those from many experimental studies using bone cements. By this, we think that it would be possible in the future to treat and prevent infections supervening bone defects with plaster of paris mixed up with antibiotics. The results are as follows : 1. Sustained release of large amount of antibiotics from plaster of paris enough to exert inhibitory activity on abcterial growth, and there was a direct relationship between concentrations of eluted antibiotics and diameters of inhibitory zones. 2. Tobramycin was capable of inhibiting the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, and Ps. aeruginosa for 7 days at maximum. 3. Cephradine inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli but did not affect that of Ps. aeruginosa. 4. The maximum antibacterial activity wss reached within first 24 hours from the start of elution of antibiotics from plaster of paris.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bone Cements ; Bone Regeneration ; Calcium Sulfate ; Cephradine ; Fibrosis ; Tobramycin ; Transplants

Plaster of Paris is an effective ancillary treatment in the surgery of infected cavities in bone. It is well tolerated and spontaneously absorbed over the period of weeks to months, being replaced by bone of normal architecture. When the antibiotics incorporated into plaster of Paris, the antibiotics are capable of prolonged local release in bactericidal concentrations. Therefore it is proposed that antibiotics loaded plaster of Paris might be a simple adjuvant technique after good surgical debridement for the treatment of bone infection. The authors carried out an experiment to study the effect of plaster of Paris containing antibiotics for a prevention of experimental osteomyelitis, using 45 rats, which were divided into 3 groups. In the Group 1, a defect was made at the proximal metaphysis of the tibia, inoculated by Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to Cephradine and Tobramycin and then filled with plaster of Paris pellet. In the Group 2, a defect was filled with Cephradine loaded plaster of Paris pellet. In the Group 3, a defect was filled with Tobramycin loaded plaster of Paris pellet. Then we observed the healing process of the bone defect in the point of view of the gross findings, radiologic findings and histologic findings at 4th, 8th and 12th week after operation. The results of this study were as follows:l. In the control Group;all 30 cases were infected. 2. In the Group 2;only 4 of 30 cases were infected. 3. In the Group 3;all 30 cases were not infected. 4. The plaster of Paris filled into the defect was absorbed continuously and stimulated the new bone formation.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Calcium Sulfate ; Cephradine ; Debridement ; Osteogenesis ; Osteomyelitis ; Rats ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Tibia ; Tobramycin

There were many studies to investigate the pathogenesis and prevention of infection in artificial joint replacement due to the difficulty in management of infected arthroplasty in spite of using large amounts of antibiotics. Biomaterials play a major role in the development of infection because of the way the body responds to their chemical and physical characteristics. Exopolysaccharide glycocalyx or biofilm(slime) which is produced by organisms adhered to the biomaterials has been detected and regarded as an important factor in pathogenesis. The production of slime on the biomaterials in turn makes the pathogens resistant to the antibiotics and therefore they survive. The objects of this study are to evaluate which materials are more susceptible to the adherence by Staphylococcus epidermidis, to evaluate the amount of antibiotics needed to kill the S. epidermidis adhered to the biomaterials(Polymethymethacrylate, Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium alloy, Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene), and to evaluate the timing of administration of the antibiotics(cephradine, gentamicin) and potadine for prevention of postoperative infection. The results are as follows. 1. The materials in order of greatest adherence due to the number of organisms colonized are poly- methylmethacrylate(PMMA), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE), and titanium alloy(Ti-6A1-4V alloy) being the least adherent. 2. With the production of biofilm the S. epidermidis becomes resistant to even that of 4 times the minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) of antibiotics. 3. For prevention of postoperative infection, the prophylactic administration of cephradine if effective when used within 4 hours after contamination and the gentamicin and potadine are effective when used within 8 hours after the contamination with S. epidermidis.
Alloys ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Arthroplasty ; Biocompatible Materials ; Biofilms ; Cephradine ; Colon ; Gentamicins ; Glycocalyx ; Joints ; Molecular Weight ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Titanium

Several of the newer broad-spectrum, potent antibiotics are currently being used for the treatment of meningitis, ventriculitis and shunt-tract infection. The risk of complications following intrathecal administration of some of this newer antibiotics varies considerably. Possible complications of immediate or delayed seizure, cortical electric depression, radiculopathy, transverse myelopathy, and arachnoiditis after intrathecal or intraventricular administration must be weighed against the potential value of this route. These risks may influence the therapeutic management of a specific clinical situation. The author studied the effect of the first generation of cephalosporins(cepalothin, cefazolin, cepharadine, cephapirin), the second generation of cephalosporins(cefamandole, cefmetazole), and the third generation of cephalosporins(cefotaxime, cetriaxone, cefotetan), on electrocortical activity of cerebral cortex. The results are as follows : 1) The topical application of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin 8mg/ml shows electrocortical spike activity. In higher concentration, each cases show intense electrocortical spike activity. The topical application of cephradine 100mg/ml shows electrocortical spike activity and in higher concentration, electrocortical spike activity continued. 2) The topical application of cefamandole 64mg/ml shows electrocortical spike activity first and that of cefmetazole 100mg/ml shows electrocortical spike activity and in higher concentration of each cases, intense electrocortical spike activity continued. 3) The topical application of cefotaxime 16mg/ml shows electrocortical spike activity and that of ceftriaxon 200mg/ml and cefatetan 100mg/ml shows mild electrocortical spike activity. In higher concentration of each cases, electrocortical spike activity continued. In conclusion, the degrees of epileptogenic effect was most severe in the first generation of cephalosporins and the second generation of cephalosporins and the third generation of cephalosporins on the decreasing order.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Arachnoid ; Arachnoiditis ; Cefamandole ; Cefazolin ; Cefmetazole ; Cefotaxime ; Ceftriaxone ; Cephalosporins* ; Cephalothin ; Cephapirin ; Cephradine ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Depression ; Meningitis ; Radiculopathy ; Seizures ; Spinal Cord Diseases

Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis, which is not uncommon in adults, is rare in children. Furthermore, the clinical presentation is often subtle and nonspecific. As a result, vertebral osteomyelitis is often not considered in the initial evaluation in children, resulting in a delay in diagnosis and treatment. We report a 3-year-old boy who was eventually diagnosed with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis and treated successfully with antibiotics. The patient initially presented himself with mild fever and abdominal pain for one week. Urinary tract infection, initially considered due to dysuria with suprapubic tenderness, was ruled out. Further investgation revealed that he had right sided suprapubic tenderness and low abdominal pain. He refused to sit or walk, and preferred a recumbent position with his knees bent. The magnetic resonance imaging study showed findings of L2-L3 vertebral osteomyelitis. With 4 weeks of intravenous cephradine treatment, the patient improved clinically and radiologically.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephradine ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis ; Discitis ; Dysuria ; Fever ; Humans ; Knee ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Osteomyelitis* ; Urinary Tract Infections