No abstract available.
Brain* ; Central Nervous System Diseases* ; Central Nervous System* ; Child* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Brain* ; Central Nervous System Diseases* ; Central Nervous System* ; Child* ; Humans

Lamotrigine is an effective antiepileptic drug with few adverse effects. Nystagmus is one of the commonly observable signs of lamotrigine overdose, which may result from central nervous system involvement. However, the physiologic basis of lamotrigine-induced nystagmus is not fully understood. Here we report a patient who presented with lamotrigine-associated nystagmus that was probably related to cerebellar dysfunction.
Central Nervous System ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Humans

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare vasculitis restricted to the central nervous system without systemic involvement. Delay in diagnosis and treatment is common due to its non-specific symptoms and lack of non-invasive diagnostic tests. Myelopathy can occur in PACNS, during the clinical course of the illness, with or without cerebral symptoms. We describe here a 51 year-old ethnic Chinese woman who presented initially with paraparesis without cerebral symptoms. The diagnosis of PACNS was eventually made from brain biopsy when she subsequently developed cerebral involvement. Despite aggressive treatment, the patient developed progressive neurological deterioration and died. This patient demonstrates the rare occurrence of myelopathy as the sole initial presentation of PACNS.
Central Nervous System ; Spinal Cord Diseases

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of side effects due to the use of cyclopentolate for cycloplegic refraction. METHODS: For 4 months, temperature change and adverse effects in 157 children who visited the pediatric ophthalmology clinic of a university hospital for cycloplegic refraction using cyclopentolate were observed. Topical 1% cyclopentolate was instilled 5 times at 5 minute intervals and temperature measured before and after administration using a tympanic thermometer. Side effects such as facial flushing, skin rash, and central nervous system disorders were recorded while cycloplegic refraction was performed. RESULTS: The mean temperature was increased 36.67 +/- 0.10degrees C to 36.90 +/- 0.09degrees C, but no fever exceeded 38degrees C. Seventeen (10.83%) patients experienced side effects including facial flushes (n = 6), temperature change (n = 5), abnormal central nervous system symptoms (n = 4), and a visible skin rash (n = 2). No patient experienced more than 1 side effect and long term adverse effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of side effects due to cyclopentolate instillation for cycloplegic refraction was 10.83% in children. Although side effects due to cyclopentolate disappeared without any treatment, cafeful monitoring for their occurrence is necessary.
Central Nervous System ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; Child ; Cyclopentolate* ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Flushing ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ophthalmology ; Thermometers

The Lactic Dehydrogenase(LDH) and its isoenzyme activities in Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF) of 50 patients with Cental Nervous System (CNS) disease were studied to explore the possibility of difference among the various meningitis and their relationshiop to its prognosis, and to compare with 12 patients without CNS infection as control group The results obtained were as follows : 1) The levels of total LDH, LDH 1 and LDH 5 in control group were within normal limit of 18.3 units, 51.8% and 0% respectively. 2) The LDH activities were highest at purulent meningitis group, mederate at T.B. meningitis group and lowest at aseptic meningitis group. 3) Prognosis was poor in the group with highly elevated LDH activities and LDH5 values, which included purulent meningitis and T.B. meningitis accompanied by unconsciousness, and good prognosis was noted with normal LDH activities in aseptic meningitis. 4) The LDH activities and LDH5 values of the partially treated purulent meningitis group were significantly elevated compared to those of T.B. and aseptic meningitis groups 5) The LDH activities became normalized in a week of appropriate treatment for purulent meningitis and in 7 weeks treatement for T.B. meningitis.
Central Nervous System Diseases* ; Central Nervous System* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Nervous System ; Prognosis ; Unconsciousness

An increasing number of neuronal autoantibodies which target cell surface or synaptic proteins have been discovered over the last decade. Autoimmune encephalitis refers to this new category of autoimmune-mediated neurological disorders, which involve the central nervous system. Recent studies have established that autoimmune encephalitis is now the major cause of encephalitis, which was previously considered to be encephalitis of an unknown etiology. Moreover, the fact that autoimmune encephalitis is potentially treatable with immunomodulating therapy has changed the paradigm for the diagnosis and treatment of acute encephalitis syndrome. We herein review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis with a focus on corticosteroid therapy as the first-line immunotherapy. In addition, regarding the diagnostic approach, we emphasize the differentiation between autoimmune and infectious encephalitis, because this distinction is not necessarily clear-cut in real clinical practice and should be considered when determining the initiation and type of immunotherapy.
Autoantibodies ; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System ; Central Nervous System ; Diagnosis ; Encephalitis ; Glucocorticoids ; Immunotherapy ; Infectious Encephalitis ; Nervous System Diseases ; Neurons

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is a rare vascular disease, which has high risk of intracranial hemorrhage. We present two cases of tentorial DAVF which were successfully treated with single trial of transarterial embolization using Onyx. We briefly reviewed the types of the tentorial DAVF and strategies of treatment.
Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Vascular Diseases

Microglia regulate the secretion of various immunomediators in central nervous system diseases. Microglial autophagy is the crucial process for cell's survival and cytokine productions. Recent studies have reported that several microRNAs are involved in the autophagy system. miR-Let7A is such a microRNA that plays a role in various inflammation responses, and is magnified as a key modulator particularly in the autophagy system. In present study, we investigated whether miR-Let7A is involved in autophagy in activating microglia. Overexpression of miR-Let7A in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells promoted the induction of the autophagy related factors such as LC3II, Beclin1, and ATG3. Our results suggest a potential role of miR-Let7A in the autophagy process of microglia during CNS inflammation.
Autophagy* ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; Inflammation ; Microglia* ; MicroRNAs

Since rehabilitation treatment does not simply treat a disease, but treats the patient who has a disease, it is not desirable to determine the treatment strategies based soly on the time of onset of a disease. Rehabilitation treatment should involve carefully evaluating the features of the disease and the patient, which requires considerable time. The convalescent (subacute) period requires a system in which rehabilitation treatment for central nervous system diseases can be administered for at least 2 years. In addition, the definitions and details of rehabilitation treatment that can be conducted by a rehabilitation specialist in the convalescent period and those of rehabilitation treatment conducted in the maintenance (chronic) period should be determined in advance, and these steps should be combined with the development of appropriate provisions in the medical insurance system for each period.
Central Nervous System Diseases ; Humans ; Insurance ; Rehabilitation* ; Specialization